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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psychology
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the scientific study of thought and behavoir
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Cognitive Psychology
(4 points) |
- how we percieve information
- how we learn and remember - how we solve problems - how we acquire and use information |
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Developmental Psychology
(example?) |
study of how thought and behavoir change and show stability through lifespan
ex) reasoning/emotional skills |
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Biological Psychology
(example?) |
studies the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavoir and thought
ex) effects of stress on hormones/behavior |
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Personality Psychology
(3 points) |
- what makes people unique
- consistencies in people's behavoir across time and situations - What are the foundations of behavoir? |
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Social Psychology
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How living among others influences thought, feeling and behavoir
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Clinical Psychology
(3 points) |
- diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavorial disorders
- largest subdisciplinary in Psychology - promotes psychological help |
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Health Psychology
(example?) |
the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness
ex) how stress is linked to illness |
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Forensic Psychology
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a blend of psychology, law and criminal justice
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shamans
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medicine men or women
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trephination1
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drills a small hole in a person's skull to release bad spirits and demons
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Three developments made in clinical psychology by the mid-1990s
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1) Psychotherapy
2) Drug Treatment 3) Criteria for Diagnosing Mental disorders |
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psychophysics
(2 points) |
-first scientific form of psychology
- studies human perception of light and sound |
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Wilhem Wundt opened the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
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1879
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Structuralism
(2 points) |
- argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand dthought and behavoir
- understand WHAT PEOPLE ARE MADE OF to understand THEM |
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Functionalism
(2 points) |
- argued it was better to look at WHY the mind works the way it does, than to describe its parts
- created by William James |
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Behavoirism
(2 points) |
- asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavoir, not ideas, thought, feelings or motives
- created by John Watson |
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B.F. Skinner
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made behavorism the major approach in experimental psychology
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Humanistic Psychology
(3 points) |
- theory that promotes personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential
- Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers |
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Postivite Psychology
(3 points) |
- scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy psychological functioning
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Gesalt Psychology
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theory of psychology that maintains that we percieve things as wholes, rather than as a compiliation of parts
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cognition
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thought and mental processes
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Mind-body Dualism
(3 points) |
- mind and body are seperate entities
- the mind controls body most of the time - Rene Descartes |
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Evolution
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change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species
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"by products"
(2 points) |
- structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection
- things useful for two purposes |
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scientific thinking
(4 points) |
- cognitive skills required to generate, test and revise theories
- must question authority - must be openly skeptical - must have intellectual honesty |
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theory
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a set of related assumptions from which a testable prediction can be made
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variable
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any characteristic that changes
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population
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entire group of interest to the researcher
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sample
(2 points) |
- subset of a larger population
- represents the entire population |
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Descriptive Designs
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- study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest, but makes no prediction and doesn't control or manipulate anything
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Case study
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psychologist observes one person over a long period of time
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Correlational Studies
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studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another
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Correlational Coefficient
(2 points) |
- a numerical representation of the relationship between two variables
- ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 |
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random assignment
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each participant in the study has the same chance of being in either the experimental or control group
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experimental group
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participants who will recieve the treatment being studied
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measures
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tools or techniques used to assess thought and/or behavoir
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Self-report Measure
(3 points) |
- written/oral accounts of one's thoughts, feelings or actions
- Interviews - Questionaires |
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Behavoiral Measure
(2 points) (example?) |
-based on systematic observations of people's actions
- reduced bias from social desireability and demand characteristics ex) watching people in a mall |
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Physiological Measure
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measures bodily response used to determine changes in psychological state
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Statistics
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collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data
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Standard Deviation
(2 points) |
- measure of how much scores in a data set vary around the mean
- most common way to represent variability in data |
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Quasai-Experimental Method
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- method similar to and experimental design concept, but it uses naturally ocurring groups instead of randomization
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polygenetic transmission
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when many genes interact to create a single characteristic
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epigenetics
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study of the changes in the way genes are turned on or off without a change in DNA sequence
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Two ways to remove excess neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft
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1) Reuptake
2) Enzymatic Degradation |
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graded potentials
(example?) |
- small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential
ex) Inhibitory Neurotransmitters |
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Dopamine
(3 points) |
- involved in voluntarily controlling your muscles
- plays an important role in mood - OVERsupply: Schizophrenia |
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Serotonin
(3 points) |
- has wide ranging effects
- involved in controlling emotional states - UNDERsupply: Anxiety, Depression |
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GABA
(4 points) |
- MAJOR inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
- slows CNS activity - regulates/controls neural activity - correlates with anxiety and intoxication |
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Responsible for speach PRODUCTION
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Broca's Area
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Responsible for speech COMPREHENSION
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Wernicke's Area
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Joeseph Altman
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discovered neurogenesis in several areas of cat brains
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Two things an experiment in a specific study ALWAYS has
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1) Random Assignment
2) Controlled Conditions |
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Experimenter Expectancy Effect
(2 points) |
- result that occurs when the behavoir of the participants is influenced by the experimenters' knowledge
- Robert Rosenthal |
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Behavorial Neuroscience
(2 points) |
- study of the links among brain, mind and behavoir
- fastest developing area of Psychology |
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Descriptive Statistics
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- measures used to describe, summarize and organize data collected
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Parameter
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number that describes the population
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Demand Characteristics
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acting in a certain way, according to the study
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Inferential Statistics
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helps determine the liklihood of a given finding was the result of chance
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Naturalistic Observation
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researcher unobtrusivel observes behavoir in the real world
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William James
(2 points) |
- considered the founder of American psychology
- Taught G. Stanley Hall |
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Synaptic Vessels
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tiny sacs in the terminal buttons of dendrites that contain neurotransmitters
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cerebral cortex
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outer layer of the cerebrum where much of human thought, planning, perception and consciousness take place
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Industrial Psychology
(2 points) |
- involves matching employees to their job
- uses psychological principles and methods to select emplyoees and evaluate job performance |
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effect sizes
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measure of the strength of the relation between two variables, or that of the extent of an experimental effect
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Monogenic Transmission
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when one gene passes on a train
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Organizational Psychology
(2 points) |
- aims to make workers more productive
- considers how th ework enviroment and management infliuence worker motivation, satisfaction, productivity |
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G. Stanley Hall
(2 points) |
- founded the APA
- opened the first psychological lab in USA |
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Introspection
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looking into one's own mind to determine the structure of conciousness
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Normal Distribution
(2 points) |
- perfectly symmetrical "bell curve" in which scores cluster around the middle
- few scores at the "extremes" |
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Epistemology
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what is the nature of knowledge
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Meta-analysis
(2 points) |
- quantitative method for combining all public research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
- uses effect sizes |
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Philosophy of Empiricism
(4 points) |
- view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience
- 17th century - John Locke - tabula rasa: "clean slate" |
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Cognitivism
(3 points) |
- states that memory isn't an objective and accurate representation of events
- the way we think about things organizes how we experience the world - founded by Frederick Bartlett |
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Self-fufilling Prophecy
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statement that affects events to cause the prediction to come true
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