Psychology Chapter 9

Front 1

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

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Language

Front 2

a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

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Grammar

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the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise

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Phoneme

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a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

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Phonological Rules

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the smallest meaningful units of language

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Morphemes

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a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

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Morphological Rules

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a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

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Syntactical Rules

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the meaning of a sentence

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Deep Structure

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how a sentence is worded

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Surface Structure

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the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

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Fast Mapping

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speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words

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Telegraphic Speech

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a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

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Genetic Dysphasia

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a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

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Concept

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members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member

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Family Resemblance Theory

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the "best" or "most typical" member of a category

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Prototype

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a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category

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Exemplar Theory

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a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed

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Category-Specific Deficit

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the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and than multiplying the two

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Rational Choice Theory

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items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

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Availability Bias

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a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached

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Heuristic

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a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem

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Algorithm

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when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

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Conjunction Fallacy

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a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

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Representativeness Heuristic

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when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)

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Framing Effects

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a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

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Sunk-Cost Fallacy

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people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

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Prospect Theory

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the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

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Frequency Format Hypothesis

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a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal

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Means-Ends Analysis

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solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem

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Analogical Problem Solving

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a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps in order to reach conclusions

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Reasoning

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figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action

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Practical Reasoning

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reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

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Theoretical Reasoning (or discursive reasoning)

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people's judgements about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid

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Belief Bias

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determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true

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Syllogistic Reasoning

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the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. In addition to referring to the discipline, the term is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language

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Syntax

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the study of meaning in communication. In linguistics it is the study of interpretation of signs as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts.[3] It has related meanings in several other fields

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Semantics

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an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of materialism, denying any independent significance for mind

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Behaviourist View Of Learning Language

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which argues that humans are pre-programmed with the innate ability to develop language. Noam Chomsky is the main theorist associated with thenativist perspective. He developed the idea of theLanguage Acquisition Device (LAD)

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Nativist View Of Language Acquisition

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a region of the brain with functions linked to speech production.

The production of language has been linked to this area since Paul Pierre Broca reported impairments in two patients.

It is part of the frontal lobe

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Broca's Area

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is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked, since the late nineteenth century, to speech (the other is Broca's area). It is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language.

The Wernicke's area is classically located in , the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the left (or dominant[citation needed]) cerebral hemisphere. This area encircles the auditory cortex on the Sylvian fissure (part of the brain where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet).

Is named after Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist and psychiatrist who, in 1874, hypothesized a link between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the reflexive mimicking of words and their syllables that associated the sensory and motor images of spoken words

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Wernicke's Area

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states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it.

the hypothesis argues that the nature of a particular language influences the habitual thought of its speakers. Different patterns of language yield different patterns of thought.

Known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis (SWH)

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Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

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those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution

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Ill-Defined Problems

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have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions. These problems also allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems

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Well-Defined Problems

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occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error.

Also, is the derivation of a rule which links cause with effect. The mind is a model of the universe built up from insights. Thoughts of the mind fall into 2 categories:1) Analysis of past experience with the purpose of gaining insight for use within this model at a later date2) Simulations of future scenarios using existing insights in the mind model in order to predict outcomes

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Insight

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Abstract. People feel they understand complex phenomena with far greater precision, coherence, and depth than they really do; they are subject to an illusion

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Illusion Of Explanation Depth