Psychology Chapter 9

Front 1

the processes where activities are stated, directed, and continued so a physical or psychological need/want is met

Back 1

motivation

Front 2

a person performs an action leading to an outcome separate from the person (e.g.money)

Back 2

extrinsic motivation

Front 3

a person performs an action because the act is satisfying for some internal reason

Back 3

intrinsic motivation

Front 4

biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior in both animals and people

Back 4

instincts

Front 5

This researcher who studied instinctual motivation proposed a total of 18 instincts for humans, whereas later researches believed there were 1000's

Back 5

William McDougal

Front 6

requirement of some material essential to survival of the organism

Back 6

need

Front 7

the psychological tension and physical arousal when there is a need that motivates the organism to act

Back 7

drive

Front 8

drivers that involve survival needs like hunger and thirst

Back 8

primary drives

Front 9

drivers learned through experience/conditioning, such as need for money, approval

Back 9

acquired (secondary) drives

Front 10

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

Back 10

drive-reduction theory

Front 11

______ proposed the theory that motivation is caused by 3 main psychological needs: affiliation, power, and achievement

Back 11

David C. McClelland

Front 12

a need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others

Back 12

need for affiliation (nAff)

Front 13

need to have control or influence over others (my ideas listened to, my money)

Back 13

ned for power (nPow)

Front 14

need that involves a strong desire to suceed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones

Back 14

need for achievement (nAch)

Front 15

People's level of achievement is closely related to how they view themselves

Back 15

Dweck's Self-Theory of Motivation

Front 16

According to this psychologist, a child would be reinforced best by hearing "I'm proud of the way you tried to solve the problem"

Back 16

Carol Dweck

Front 17

this motivational theory relies heavily on the concept of homeostatis

Back 17

drive-reduction theory

Front 18

a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation

Back 18

stimulus motive

Front 19

people have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Back 19

arousal theory

Front 20

when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance; when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal lead to better perfomance

Back 20

Yerkes-Dodson law

Front 21

a person who needs more arousal than the average person

Back 21

sensation seeker

Front 22

behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Back 22

incentive approaches

Front 23

proposes a connection between internal physiological states and outward behaviors

Back 23

drive-reduction theory

Front 24

this theorist proposed that there are levels of needs that a person must strive before achieving the highest level of personality fufillment

Back 24

Maslow

Front 25

the point where people have satisfied the lower needs and achieved full human potential

Back 25

self-actualization

Front 26

times in a person's life where self-actualization is achieved, at least temporarily

Back 26

peak experiences

Front 27

List in order Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Back 27

1) physiological

2) safety

3) belongingness and love

4) esteem (approval)

5) cognitive (knowledge)

6) aesthetic

7) self-actualization

8) transcendence

Front 28

True or false: Maslow's hierarchy of needs applies universally

Back 28

false

Front 29

Ryan and Deci's theory, support from others enables you to get the 3 universal needs to develop a sense of self

Back 29

self-determination theory

Front 30

the need to be in control of one's own behavior

Back 30

autonomy

Front 31

the need to be able to master the challenging tasks of life

Back 31

competence

Front 32

the need to feel a sense of bolonging, intimacy, and security in relationships

Back 32

relatedness

Front 33

_____ and _____ are hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control fat, protein, and carbohydrate leves in the body

Back 33

insulin and glucagon

Front 34

hormone signals the "full-feeling"

Back 34

leptin

Front 35

when damaged, rats couldn't stop eating

Back 35

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Front 36

when damaged, the rats wouldn't eat

Back 36

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Front 37

the level of weight the body tries to maintain

Back 37

weigh set point

Front 38

the rate at which the body burns energy when a person is resting

Back 38

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Front 39

people feeling hungry at noon, or when stressed are both examples of hunger due to _______

Back 39

classical conditioning

Front 40

a person is obese when their fat content is greater than ___% of the body weight

Back 40

20

Front 41

faster route underneath the cortex

Back 41

low road

Front 42

explain how the low differs from the high

Back 42

LOW: thalamus, response

HIGH: thalamus, cortex, response

Front 43

part of the brain processing emotions and facial expressions

Back 43

amygdala

Front 44

This psychologist discovered the amygdala sends information through 2 pathways a high road (through the cortex) and a low road (underneath the cortex)

Back 44

Dr. Joseph LeDoux

Front 45

_______ was the first to theorize that emotions, thus facial expressions, are a product of evolution therefore universal

Back 45

Charles Darwin

Front 46

learned ways fo controlling displays of emotion in social settings

Back 46

display rules

Front 47

feeling a particular emotions leads to a physical reaction and then to a behavioral one

Back 47

common sense theory

Front 48

bodily changes ultimately cause you to feel emotion

Back 48

James-Lange theory of emotion

Front 49

the thalamus produces both the physical reaction and the emotion simultaneously

Back 49

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Front 50

_______, one of the cranial nerves, provides feedback from the organs to the cortex

Back 50

vagus nerve

Front 51

physical arousal and cognitive label (think about and label) must happen to create the emotion

Back 51

Snacher-Singer theory

cognitive arousal/two-factor

Front 52

facial expressions provide feedback to the brain about the emotion epressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion

Back 52

facial feedback hypothesis

Front 53

a stimulus causes an immediate appraisal which results in an emotional response followed by a bodily response

Back 53

cognative-mediational theory

Front 54

This psychologist would say that cognitive appraisal of the stimulus may be effortless but still must occur before an emotion is experienced

Back 54

Lazarus

Front 55

3 parts of emotion

Back 55

physical arousal

behavior

inner awareness