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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ivan Pavlov
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classical conditioning; UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR (definitions and examples of each); phobias, advertising, extinction, spontaneous recovery, spontaneous recovery, stimulus discrimination, higher-order conditioning
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Edward Thordike
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instrumental learning, law of effect
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B.F. Skinner
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Operant Conditioning, reinforcement; reinforcement contingencies, shaping, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment; reinforcement schedules—fixed-ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval (definitions and examples); escape learning, difference between negative reinforcement and punishment; effective use of punishment
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Martin Seligman
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Conditioned Taste Aversion: steak dinner with sauce béarnaise: a neutral stimulus (sauce) had been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (stomach flu) which caused an unconditioned response (nausea); Preparedness—evolution has programmed organisms to acquire certain fears more readily than others; explains phobias to snakes, spiders or snakes but not electricity or hammers
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John Garcia
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taste-nausea associations are almost impossible to prevent; they are a bi-product of evolution
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Edward Tolman
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latent learning; performance improves when behavior is reinforced
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Robert Roscola
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signal relations: environmental stimuli serve as signals; the predictive value of stimuli influence behavior
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Albert Bandura
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observational learning; being conditioned indirectly by observing another’s conditioning; process: attention, retention, reproduction, motivation; reinforcement affects which responses are actually performed; observational learning explains the importance of watching violent television programs on behavior of children and why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior
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Acquisition
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The formation of a new conditioned response tendency.
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Avoidance learning
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A conflict situation in which a choice must be made between two unattractive goals.
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Behavior modification
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A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.
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Behavioral contract
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A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program.
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Classical conditioning
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A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
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Conditioned response
(CR) |
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
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Continuous reinforcement
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Reinforcing every instance of a designated response.
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Cumulative recorder
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A graphic record of reinforcement and responding in a Skinner box as a function of time.
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Discriminative stimuli
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Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.
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Elicit
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To draw out or bring forth
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Emit
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To send forth.
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Escape learning
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A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
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Evaluative conditioning
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Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS.
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Extinction
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The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
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Higher-order conditioning
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A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. it were an unconditioned stimulus.
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Intermittent reinforcement
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A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
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Latent learning
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Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs. Law of effect The principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
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Operant conditioning .
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A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
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Primary reinforcers
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Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
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Reinforcement contingencies
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The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.
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Renewal effect
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Phenomenon that occurs if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired; the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.
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Secondary reinforcers
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Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
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Shaping
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The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
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Spontaneous recovery
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In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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