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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning
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process in which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.
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conditioning
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acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli.
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classical (or pavlovian) conditiong
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Type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a differvent.
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unconditional stimulus (US)
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A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way.
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unconditional response (UR)
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Response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs.
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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Orginally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.
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conditioned response (CR)
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After conditioning the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented.
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desensitization therapy
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conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation.
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conditioned food (or taste) aversion
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conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only 1 pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
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operant behavior
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behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
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operant or instrumental conditioning
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type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments.
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reinforcer
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stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
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punisher
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stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
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Law of Effect
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Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be stamped in as learned behavior and behavior that brings about discomfort will be stamped out. (also known as the principle of reinforcement)
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positive reinforcer
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any event whose presence increases the likihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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negative reinforcer
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any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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punishment
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any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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avoidance training
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learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant such as punishment.
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learning helplessness
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failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli.
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biofeedback
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technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal phsycological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions.
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neurofeedback
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biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves using an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity.
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response acquisition
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the building phase of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases.
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intermittent pairing
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pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials.
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skinner box
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box often used in an operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available response and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur.
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shaping
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reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
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extinction
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decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS(classical conditioning) or withholding or reinforcement.
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spontaneous recovery
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reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training.
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stimulus generalization
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transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli.
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stimulus discrimination
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learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.
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response generalization
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giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus.
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higher-order conditioning
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conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training.
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primary reinforcer
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reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as food, water, and sex.
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secondary reinforcer
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reinforcer whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reinforces.
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contigency
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reliable 'if then' relationship between 2 events such as a CS and a US.
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blocking
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Process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulate even when the 2 stimuli are presented simultaneously.
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schedule of reinforcement
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Operant conditioning, the rule of determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered.
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fixed interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement.
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variable-interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement.
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fixed-ratio schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed # of correct responses.
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variable-ratio schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which a varying # of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented.
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cognitive learning
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learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable.
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latent learning
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learning that is not immediately relfected in a behavior change.
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congitive map
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learning mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.
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insight
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learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem.
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learning set
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ability to become increasingly more effective in solving porblems as more problems are solved.
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social learning theory
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view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner.
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observational (vicarious) learning
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learning by observing other people's behavior.
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vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment
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reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models.
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