Psychology Chapter 13 - Social Thinking & Perception

Front 1

Judgments about the causes of our own and other people's behavior and outcomes

Back 1

Attributions

Front 2

This type of attribution states that people's behaviour is caused by their own characteristics

Back 2

Personal (internal) attributions

Front 3

This type of attribution states that aspects of a situation cause people's behaviour

Back 3

Situational (external) attributions

Front 4

Humans tend to overestimate personal attribution and underestimate situational attribution. For example we expect actors to have the same personality as their characters

Back 4

Fundamental attribution error

Front 5

When it comes to explaining our own behavior, we tend to make relatively more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures

Back 5

Self-serving bias

Front 6

Tendency to attach more importance to the initial info that we learn about a person

Back 6

Primacy effect

Front 7

Takes over when we are told specifically to avoid making snap judgements

Back 7

Recency effect

Front 8

Your wrong expectation causes the expected behaviour to happen. For example you smile less to the person you think is cold, so they act colder to you

Back 8

Sulf-fulfilling prophecy

Front 9

A positive or negative evaluation toward a stimulus, such as a person, action, object, or concept

Back 9

Attitude

Front 10

What are the three factors to explain why the attitudes affect behaviour in some cases, but do not in others

Back 10

- Attitudes influence behaviour more when counteracting situational factors are weak

- Attitudes have a greater influence on behaviour when we are aware of them and when they are strongly held

- General attitudes are better at predicting general class of behaviour, and specific attitudes are better at predicting specific behaviours

Front 11

This theory states that people strive for consistency in their beliefs and actions, and that inconsistency creates unpleasant arousal that motivates people to restore balance by changing their cognitions

Back 11

Theory of cognitive dissonance

Front 12

This theory states that you make inferences between your own behavoiur and attitudes just like you do with others. (against cognitive dissoance)

Back 12

Self-perception theory

Front 13

This type of persuasion occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling

Back 13

Central route to persuasion

Front 14

This type of persuasion occurs when people do not scrutinize the message but are influenced mostly by other factors, such as speakers attractiveness or emotional message

Back 14

Peripheral route to persuasion

Front 15

This presence of another person increases our arousal and increases our dominant response. Example, if we are good at something or if it's easy, other people make us perform better.

Back 15

Social Facilitation

Front 16

A change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure

Back 16

Conformity

Front 17

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing

Back 17

Compliance

Front 18

Performing an action in response to a direct order

Back 18

Obedience

Front 19

People put in less effort when working in a group

Back 19

Social loafing

Front 20

Working harder to make up for loafing of others

Back 20

Social compensation

Front 21

The loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour

Back 21

Deindividuation

Front 22

Following the opinions or behaviour of other people because we believe they have accurate knowledge and know what they are doing is what type of influence ?

Back 22

Informational social influence

Front 23

Conformity based on a desire to fulfill other's expectations, often to gain acceptance is an example of what type of influence ?

Back 23

Normative social influence

Front 24

When others treat us well, we should respond in kind

Back 24

Norm of reciprocity

Front 25

This technique involves a persuader making a large request, than expecting us to say no and then make a smaller request. For example, telemarketers who first ask for $25 , but then lower the price down to $2 are more likely to get a donation than if they were to directly ask for $2

Back 25

Door-in-the-face Technique

Front 26

This technique involves a persuader getting you to make a smaller request, and then makes a larger request. For example if someone were to first ask for advice on a word processing program, then after ask to help with a project by filling out a questionnaire, they would get more participants than if they were to just directly ask for the questionnaire

Back 26

Foot-in-the-door Technique

Front 27

This technique involves a persuader getting you to commit to some behaviour and then before you actually perform the behaviour, increases the cost of that same behaviour. For example a car salesman negotiating to sell a car says the price is 8000, then says he needs to confirm the price with his manager and comes back saying that his manager says the price is too low and that he will only sell it for $400 more.

Back 27

Lowballing

Front 28

The tendency for group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement. Likely occurs when groups are under high stress and are insulated from outside input (ex. jury)

Back 28

Groupthink

Front 29

What is the name of the study that had people looking at three lines and had everyone other than the subject agree on the wrong answer. What was the conformity percentage of this study ?

Back 29

Asch's Line Studies, 33% yielded to group pressure

Front 30

Repeated exposure to a stimulus typically increases our liking for it

Back 30

Mere exposure effect

Front 31

What percent of brides and grooms lived within 20 blocks of each other before marriage

Back 31

50%

Front 32

This study showed that people who were presented with descriptions of others with similar attitudes found those people more attractive than those who were presented who dissimilar attitudes

Back 32

Byrne study - Matching phenomenon

Front 33

The tendency to have contact with people who are equal in social status as you

Back 33

Homophily

Front 34

When provided with pictures of both men and women, participants consistently chose the "average" looking faces rather than the "extreme faces" that looked like models. True or False

Back 34

True

Front 35

Attractive people are seen as having other positive attributes (except in the courtroom)

Back 35

Halo effect

Front 36

There is a higher consensus among women to what the most attractive male attributes are compared to a lower consensus among men for what they think are the most attractive attributes for women. True or false

Back 36

False, men have a higher consensus that they prefer baby-faced, thin & seductive, confident women

Front 37

This theory proposes that the course of a relationship is governed by rewards and costs that the partners experience. Rewards include companionship, emotional support, and the satisfaction of other needs. Costs may include the effort spent to maintain the relationship, arguments, conflicting goals, and so forth.

Back 37

Social exchange theory

Front 38

The outcome one expects from a relationship, determines satisfaction with it

Back 38

Comparison level

Front 39

Intense emotion, arousal, and yearning for the partner (less stable) is an example of what type of love

Back 39

Passionate love

Front 40

Affection, deep caring about their well-being, and a commitment to "being there" for them is an example of what type of love

Back 40

Companionate love

Front 41

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love is a combination of what three components

Back 41

1. Passion

2. Liking

3. Commitment

Front 42

Liking, infatuation and empty love are connected to what three components of love

Back 42

Liking - Intimacy alone

Empty love - Commitment alone

Infatuation - Passion alone

Front 43

A negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group

Back 43

Prejudice

Front 44

This part of the brain is related to implicit racism

Back 44

Amygdala

Front 45

This theory states that competition for limited resources fosters prejudice

Back 45

Realistic conflict theory

Front 46

This theory states that prejudice stems from a need to enhance our self-esteem and that derogating other groups makes us feel better

Back 46

Social identity theory

Front 47

The fear that you will live up to a stereotype about your group causes you to perform poorly and actually causes the stereotype to be true. For example if a test is described as an "intelligence test" black people do worse than white people. If it is called a "lab test" they do not.

Back 47

Stereotype threat

Front 48

We should help others and contribute to the welfare of society

Back 48

Norm of social responsibility

Front 49

High empathy causes us to feel distress when others suffer, so by helping them we reduce our own personal distress

Back 49

Negative state relief

Front 50

Altrustic behaviour is not learned, but is innate. True or false

Back 50

True

Front 51

The presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each persons tendency to help, due to social comparison and diffusion of responsibility. For example Kitty Genovese being killed in cold blood in the middle of the street and no one helping or calling the police.

Back 51

Bystander effect

Front 52

People get what they deserve (victim blaming) so they are responsible for their situation and I don't need to help them.

Back 52

Just world hypothesis

Front 53

All frustration causes aggression, and all aggression is caused by frustration. True or False

Back 53

False, some people respond peacefully or with despair. Pain, provocation, crowding and heat also cause aggression.

Front 54

This hormone causes social aggression

Back 54

Testosterone

Front 55

This part of the brain is responsible for impulse control, impulsive killers have less activity here.

Back 55

Frontal lobe

Front 56

When other's negative behaviour is intentional, we are more aggressive, what psychodynamic factor does this describe ?

Back 56

Attribution of intentionality

Front 57

Aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduces impulse to aggress

Back 57

Catharsis

Front 58

A steady diet of violent movies makes you more violent. True or False

Back 58

True

Front 59

During the Stanely Milgram Experiment, what percentage of people were obedient ?

Back 59

65%

Front 60

Out of 40 subjects during the revised version of the Stanley Milgram experiment that had the participants not shocking the person but telling someone else to do it, how many people conformed ?

Back 60

37, almost 100%

Front 61

Performing a desired bu prohibited act such as jay walking is an example of what repsonse

Back 61

Response disinhibitation

Front 62

Copying perfectly allowable behaviour such as yawning is what type of response

Back 62

Response facilitation

Front 63

This neurotransmitter causes emotional rage, especially low levels of it.

Back 63

Serotonin