Psychology Chapter 12

Front 1

In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to

Back 1

give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task

Front 2

Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______.

Back 2

public; women; men

Front 3

The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of

Back 3

groupthink

Front 4

If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the

Back 4

foot-in-the-door technique

Front 5

A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change.

Back 5

obedience

Front 6

In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level.

Back 6

61 and 66

Front 7

Attitudes

Back 7

are learned through experiences and contact with others

Front 8

Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of

Back 8

direct contact

Front 9

A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through

Back 9

persuasion

Front 10

People can reduce cognitive dissonance by

Back 10

forming new cognitions to justify their behavior

Front 11

Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of

Back 11

situational cause

Front 12

_____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.

Back 12

Prejudice; discrimination

Front 13

The formation of in-groups and out-groups

Back 13

begins in childhood

Front 14

Scapegoats are

Back 14

typically members of the out-group

Front 15

The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is

Back 15

stereotype vulnerability

Front 16

Strategies for overcoming prejudice include

Back 16

education and equal status contact

Front 17

Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

Back 17

proximity

Front 18

Research has found that the view that opposites attract

Back 18

is false

Front 19

According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and

Back 19

commitment

Front 20

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of

Back 20

intimacy and commitment

Front 21

Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in

Back 21

aggression

Front 22

The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

Back 22

highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people

Front 23

Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This is an example of

Back 23

altruism

Front 24

The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to

Back 24

the bystander effect

Front 25

_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.

Back 25

Diffusion of responsibility

Front 26

Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved

Back 26

asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room

Front 27

Studies have shown more conformity

Back 27

in collectivist cultures

Front 28

The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because

Back 28

some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion

Front 29

Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. Chris is showing

Back 29

compliance

Front 30

Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Carol is showing

Back 30

obedience

Front 31

In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter

Back 31

told them that they had to continue

Front 32

Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates

Back 32

group polarization

Front 33

The ABC Model of Attitudes includes

Back 33

Affect, Behavior, and Cognition

Front 34

If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is

Back 34

more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking

Front 35

When trying to persuade an audience, the message should

Back 35

present both sides of the argument

Front 36

A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message.

Back 36

central-route processing

Front 37

Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Nicole will probably experience

Back 37

cognitive dissonance

Front 38

When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs.

Back 38

impression formation

Front 39

Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on

Back 39

implicit personality theory

Front 40

Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do.

Back 40

attribution theory

Front 41

In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is

Back 41

the actor-observer bias

Front 42

When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called

Back 42

discrimination

Front 43

In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color.

Back 43

discrimination

Front 44

According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others.

Back 44

social identity

Front 45

In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

Back 45

reciprocity

Front 46

_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

Back 46

Companionate

Front 47

Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is

Back 47

a basic human instinct

Front 48

_________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression.

Back 48

Testosterone

Front 49

The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is

Back 49

ambiguous

Front 50

Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is

Back 50

planning a course of action

Front 51

_____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.

Back 51

Social psychology

Front 52

In Asch's black line experiment, participants

Back 52

conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time.

Front 53

Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of

Back 53

groupthink

Front 54

Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. This is the

Back 54

norm of reciprocity

Front 55

People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique

Back 55

in collectivist cultures

Front 56

Stanley Milgram set out to learn

Back 56

how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure

Front 57

Social loafing can be explained by the fact that

Back 57

it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people

Front 58

The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions.

Back 58

feelings

Front 59

Attitudes are

Back 59

poor predictors of actual behavior

Front 60

If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the

Back 60

source, message, and target audience

Front 61

When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes

Back 61

dissonance

Front 62

In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task

Back 62

convinced themselves that the task was interesting

Front 63

Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Jeff is assuming a

Back 63

dispositional cause

Front 64

Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This is

Back 64

the fundamental attribution error.

Front 65

Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______.

Back 65

attitude; behavior

Front 66

The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group

Back 66

with the least power

Front 67

In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem.

Back 67

social comparison

Front 68

The "Robber's Cave" study showed that

Back 68

prejudice can be created by separation

Front 69

According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship.

Back 69

romantic love

Front 70

In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in

Back 70

consummate love

Front 71

One common cause of aggression is

Back 71

frustration

Front 72

The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the

Back 72

amygdala

Front 73

Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because

Back 73

of the extreme effect it was having on the participants

Front 74

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. This is an example of

Back 74

diffusion of responsibility

Front 75

Most people associate the term cult with

Back 75

a fringe group

Front 76

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of

Back 76

conformity

Front 77

Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer?

Back 77

Solomon Asch

Front 78

_______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts.

Back 78

Groupthink

Front 79

All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT

Back 79

openness to differing opinions

Front 80

At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales.

Back 80

norm of reciprocity

Front 81

Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" To which he readily agrees. Selena has just used the

Back 81

door-in-the-face technique

Front 82

Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as

Back 82

obedience

Front 83

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond?

Back 83

the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed

Front 84

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

Back 84

social loafing

Front 85

Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Her improved performance is an example of

Back 85

social facilitation

Front 86

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

Back 86

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Front 87

Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation?

Back 87

DNA inherited from your parents

Front 88

Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example?

Back 88

interaction with others

Front 89

Which communicator would likely be most persuasive?

Back 89

an attractive person who is an expert

Front 90

________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message.

Back 90

central-route processing

Front 91

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

Back 91

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2.

Front 92

Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance?

Back 92

A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes.

Front 93

What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person?

Back 93

impression formation

Front 94

Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of

Back 94

implicit personality theory

Front 95

The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called

Back 95

attribution

Front 96

"Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." How would a social psychologist describe this situation?

Back 96

The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution.

Front 97

While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. He must be a genius." You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of

Back 97

fundamental attribution errors

Front 98

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________.

Back 98

prejudice; discrimination

Front 99

The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called

Back 99

social identity

Front 100

Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice?

Back 100

bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other

Front 101

We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people.

Back 101

like

Front 102

When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics.

Back 102

complementary

Front 103

Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love?

Back 103

lust

Front 104

Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as

Back 104

aggression

Front 105

The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression.

Back 105

the environment

Front 106

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward?

Back 106

altruism

Front 107

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane?

Back 107

There is a diffusion of responsibility

Front 108

In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it.

Back 108

one-tenth

Front 109

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT

Back 109

diffusion of responsibility

Front 110

A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________.

Back 110

That person is from Hong Kong

Front 111

In groupthink, members of the group______.

Back 111

have an illusion of invulnerability

Front 112

When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. This is most like which of the following techniques?

Back 112

foot-in-the-door technique

Front 113

Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment?

Back 113

A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year.

Front 114

Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Alex was most likely engaging in________.

Back 114

social loafing

Front 115

Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude?

Back 115

"Italian food is the best of the European cuisines."

Front 116

Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______.

Back 116

vicarious conditioning

Front 117

Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion?

Back 117

the source

Front 118

Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion?

Back 118

presence of supporters

Front 119

"I didn't like the sermon at all today. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing?

Back 119

peripheral-route processing

Front 120

In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________.

Back 120

paid only $1.

Front 121

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

Back 121

Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect

Front 122

Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________.

Back 122

schemas

Front 123

Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. This is an example of_______ cause.

Back 123

dispositional

Front 124

John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Eddie has made the _________.

Back 124

fundamental attribution error

Front 125

In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______.

Back 125

situational factors

Front 126

The behavioral component of prejudice is______.

Back 126

discrimination

Front 127

The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups.

Back 127

conflict

Front 128

In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______.

Back 128

test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group.

Front 129

Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory?

Back 129

superodinate goals

Front 130

Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice?

Back 130

asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room

Front 131

Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction?

Back 131

personality

Front 132

The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person.

Back 132

like

Front 133

A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____.

Back 133

reciprocity of liking effect

Front 134

According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love.

Back 134

passion

Front 135

According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior?

Back 135

marijuana

Front 136

The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______.

Back 136

amygdala

Front 137

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Back 137

Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time.

Front 138

According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______.

Back 138

only one other person standing nearby.

Front 139

In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______.

Back 139

they were alone in the room.

Front 140

Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______.

Back 140

taking responsibility

Front 141

Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures.

Back 141

collectivistic

Front 142

To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following?

Back 142

Discourage questions and alternate solutions.

Front 143

Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique.

Back 143

lowball

Front 144

Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion.

Back 144

foot-in-the-door

Front 145

Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______.

Back 145

social facilitation

Front 146

Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude.

Back 146

behavioral

Front 147

The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?

Back 147

direct instruction

Front 148

Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________.

Back 148

moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences.

Front 149

Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using_______ processing.

Back 149

central-route

Front 150

Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Back 150

ignore the conflict

Front 151

Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about.

Back 151

impression formation

Front 152

Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion

Back 152

implicit personality theories

Front 153

If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________.

Back 153

a dispositional cause

Front 154

The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________.

Back 154

in-group

Front 155

Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations?

Back 155

two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane

Front 156

The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes.

Back 156

social cognitive

Front 157

Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Patrick has a strong_____.

Back 157

social identity

Front 158

The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______.

Back 158

stereotype vulnerability

Front 159

The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice.

Back 159

equal status contact

Front 160

Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______.

Back 160

proximity

Front 161

According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love.

Back 161

consummate

Front 162

The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory.

Back 162

psychoanalytical

Front 163

The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________.

Back 163

serotonin

Front 164

Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following?

Back 164

increased levels of altruism in children

Front 165

To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her?

Back 165

bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly

Front 166

Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping?

Back 166

defining an emergency

Front 167

Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members.

Back 167

talking with parents of the recruit