Psychology Ch. 8

Front 1

memory

Back 1

the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Front 2

encoding

Back 2

the processing of information into the memory system-for ex, by extracting meaning.

Front 3

storage

Back 3

the retention of encoded information over time.

Front 4

retrieval

Back 4

the process of getting information out of memory.

Front 5

sensory memory

Back 5

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Front 6

short-term memory

Back 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten.

Front 7

long-term memory

Back 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Front 8

working memory

Back 8

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Front 9

automatic processing

Back 9

unconcious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Front 10

effortful processing

Back 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Front 11

rehearsal

Back 11

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Front 12

spacing effect

Back 12

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yeild better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Front 13

serial position effect

Back 13

our tendency to recall best the last and 1st items in a list.

Front 14

visual encoding

Back 14

the encoding of picture images.

Front 15

acoustic encoding

Back 15

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Front 16

semantic encoding

Back 16

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Front 17

imagery

Back 17

mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Front 18

mnemonics

Back 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organization devices.

Front 19

chunking

Back 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically.

Front 20

iconic memory

Back 20

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Front 21

echoic memory

Back 21

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Front 22

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 22

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Front 23

flashbulb memory

Back 23

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Front 24

amnesia

Back 24

the loss of memory.

Front 25

implicit memory
nondeclarative memory

Back 25

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory).

Front 26

explicit memory
declarative memory

Back 26

memory of facts and experiences that 1 can conciously know and "declare" (Also called declarative memory).

Front 27

hippocampus
helps with explicit memory storage

Back 27

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explict memories for storage.

Front 28

recall

Back 28

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Front 29

recognition

Back 29

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Front 30

relearning

Back 30

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a 2nd time.

Front 31

priming

Back 31

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Front 32

deja vu

Back 32

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Front 33

mood-congruent memory

Back 33

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with 1's current good or bad mood.

Front 34

proactive interference

Back 34

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Front 35

retroactive interference

Back 35

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall on the recall of old information.

Front 36

repression

Back 36

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Front 37

misinformation effect

Back 37

incorporating misleading information into 1's memory of an event.

Front 38

source amnesia
source misattribution

Back 38

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution). Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.