Psychology Ch 7

Front 1

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

UR. US. CR. CS.

Back 1

UR

Front 2

Rats most easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

loud sounds. bright lights. novel tastes. high-pitched sounds.

Back 2

novel tastes.

Front 3

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

spontaneous recovery. unconditional stimulus. operant stimulus. conditioned stimulus.

Back 3

conditioned stimulus.

Front 4

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior.

shaping

primary reinforcers

variable-interval schedules

delayed reinforcers

Back 4

delayed reinforcers

Front 5

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of:

cognitive maps. latent learning. mirror neurons. extrinsic motivation.

Back 5

mirror neurons.

Front 6

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

an unconditioned response. operant conditioning. discrimination. generalization.

Back 6

generalization.

Front 7

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum, she responded with fear. The fear response is most clearly an example of:

spontaneous recovery. operant behavior. associative learning. respondent behavior.

Back 7

respondent behavior.

Front 8

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

operant conditioning. observational learning. classical conditioning. instinctive drift.

Back 8

observational learning.

Front 9

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

evolutionary

behaviorist

cognitive

neuroscience

Back 9

cognitive

Front 10

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

discrimination. spontaneous recovery. observational learning. an unconditioned response.

Back 10

spontaneous recovery.

Front 11

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior. cognitive processes. genetic predispositions. all of these factors.

Back 11

observable behavior.

Front 12

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

increases; decreases

decreases; increases

decreases; decreases

has no effect on; has no effect on

Back 12

decreases; increases

Front 13

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 75,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

variable-interval

fixed-ratio

variable-ratio

Back 13

fixed-ratio

Front 14

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to:

react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school playground.

perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.

be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground.

overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime

Back 14

perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.

Front 15

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates:

negative reinforcement. the law of effect. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery.

Back 15

the law of effect.

Front 16

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

partial

primary

conditioned

delayed

Back 16

conditioned

Front 17

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

secondary conditioning. spontaneous recovery. operant behavior. associative learning.

Back 17

associative learning.

Front 18

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

generalization. partial reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. shaping.

Back 18

shaping.

Front 19

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval

variable-interval

fixed-ratio

variable-ratio

Back 19

fixed-interval

Front 20

If you have a “frightening experience” immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

generalization. spontaneous recovery. classical conditioning. operant behavior.

Back 20

classical conditioning.

Front 21

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

primary conditioner. conditioned stimulus. secondary stimulus. unconditioned stimulus.

Back 21

unconditioned stimulus.

Front 22

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a:

UR. US. CR. CS.

Back 22

CR

Front 23

Months after she was beaten up by a robber, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.

conditioned stimulus

operant stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus

Back 23

conditioned stimulus

Front 24

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:

extinction. discrimination. operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery.

Back 24

discrimination

Front 25

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the:

US. UR. CS. CR.

Back 25

CR

Front 26

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:

spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. operant conditioning. successive approximations.

Back 26

operant conditioning.

Front 27

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

respondent behavior. negative reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery.

Back 27

negative reinforcement.

Front 28

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________.

delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer operant conditioning; classical conditioning partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Back 28

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Front 29

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates:

generalization. discrimination. partial reinforcement. respondent behavior.

Back 29

partial reinforcement.

Front 30

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

Back 30

variable-ratio

Front 31

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior. In this case, the time-out is a:

conditioned reinforcer. negative reinforcer. primary reinforcer. punishment.

Back 31

punishment.

Front 32

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness. This best illustrates the value of:

delayed reinforcement. shaping. variable-interval reinforcement schedules. spontaneous recovery

Back 32

shaping

Front 33

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on associative learning.

intrinsic motivation biological constraints modeling cognitive maps

Back 33

biological constraints

Front 34

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

mirror neurons latent learning cognitive processes biological constraints

Back 34

cognitive processes

Front 35

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

John B. Watson

Albert Bandura

Ivan Pavlov

B. F. Skinner

Back 35

Albert Bandura

Front 36

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class, Evie started asking questions in class. This best illustrates the impact of:

a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. cognitive maps. classical conditioning. vicarious reinforcement.

Back 36

vicarious reinforcement.

Front 37

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who:

consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior. modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern. consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior. consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior.

Back 37

modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.