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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A healthy outcome during infancy is the quality of ?
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caregiving
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Erikson's first stage is?
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basic trust vs. mistrust
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Erikson's second staget is?
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autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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basic autonomy and trust grow out of ___,___ parenting and reasonable expectations for impulse control starting in the 2nd yr
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warm,sensitive
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what is the most reliable cue for babies feelings and emotions
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facial expressions
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happiness,interest,surprise are universial in humans and other primates have a long evoluntarily history of promoting survival and can be directed inferred from facial expression
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basic emotions
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what are the two global arousal states:
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attraction to a pleasant stimulation and withdrawl from an unpleasant stimulus
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at this age face, voice, and posture form well-organized signals that vary meaningful w/ enviornmental events
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6 months
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at this age infants smile at interesting sights
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end of first month
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social smile-a broad grin
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6 to 10 weeks
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laughter occurs at this age?
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3 to 4 months
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at this age infants smile more and laugh when interacting with familiar people
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middle of first year
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fear rises during this age?
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second half of the first year
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frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults, called:
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stranger anxiety
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babies use familiar cargivers as a:
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secure base-point from which to explore, venturing into the enviornment and then returning for emotional support
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stranger anxiety and fear decline during this age due to cognitive development and discriminating more effectivly
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first 2 years
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infants become sensitive to the structure and timing of face to face interactions
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4 months
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infants perceive facial expressions as organized patterns and can match the emotion in a voice with the appropriate face of a speaking person
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5 months
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infants engage in ____ which they actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
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social referencing
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humans are capable of a second,higher-order set of feelings including guilt,shame,embarrasment, they are called:
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self-conscious emotion-because each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self
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self-conscious emotions appear at this age?
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18 to 24 months
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refers to strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals
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emotional self-regulation
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rapid development of the ___ lobes of the cerebral cortex increases the baby's tolerance for stimulation
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frontal
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what age? ability to shift attention helps ifants control emotion
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4 months
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at this age infants have a vocabulary for talking about feelings
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end of second year--happens rapidly
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early-appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
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temperament
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refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal,attention,and motor activity
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reactivity
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refers to strategies that modify that reactivity
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self-regulation
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_____ practices can modify children's temperaments considerbly
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parenting
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quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences
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easy child
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this type of temperament is 40% of the sample
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easy child
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irregular in daily routines, What tempermant:is slow to accept new experiences and tends to react negatively and intensely
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difficult child
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this type of temperament is 10% of the sample:
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difficult child
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what temperament:inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to enviornmental stimuli,is negative in mood and adjusts slowly to new experiences
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slow-to-warm-up child
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this type of temperament is 15% of the sample:
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slow-to-warm-up child
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this temperament has sparked the most interest because it places children at high risk for adjustment problems
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difficult
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this temperament has fewer problems in early years, but show excessive fearfulness and slow behavior in the late preschool years and school years
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slow-to-warm-up child
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the self-regulatory dimension of temperament, the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response
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effortful control
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the stability of temperament is
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low to moderate, children who score low/high on attention span respond similary down the road
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identical twins are more similar than _____ across a wide range of temperamental and personality traits
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fraternal twins
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on average half of individual differences have been attributed to differences in
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genetic makeup
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consistent ____ and ___ differences in early temperament exist
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ethnic and sex
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what other influence is powerful on temperament
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enviornment
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Parents tendency to empahsize each childs unique quality affects their _____ practices
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child rearing
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describes how temperament and enviornment can together produce favorable outcomes, it involves creating child rearing enviornments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning
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goodness of fit model
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