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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning |
The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
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Associative learning |
Learning that certain events occur together the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences |
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Stimulus |
Any event or situation that evokes a response |
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Cognitive learning |
The acquisition of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language |
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Classical conditioning |
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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Behaviorism |
View that psychology should be an objective science that studies Behavior without reference to mental processes |
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Respondent Behavior |
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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Neutral stimulus |
In classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
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Unconditional response |
In classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
In classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response |
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Discrimination |
In classical conditioning, Thorn ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli they do not signal and unconditioned stimulus. |
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Conditioned stimulus |
In classical conditioning and originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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Acquisition |
In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that neutral stimulus Begins triggering the conditioned response. |
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Extinction |
The diminishing of conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. |
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Spontaneous recovery |
The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response. |
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Generalization |
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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Discrimination |
In classical conditioning, the Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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Associative learning |
Learning that certain events occur together |
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Operant conditioning |
Do the type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a Punisher |
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Law of effect |
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that the behaviors followed by an unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
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Operant chamber also known as Skinner box |
In operant conditioning research a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. |
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Shaping |
In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide Behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired Behavior. NFL superstar |
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Primary reinforcer |
An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
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Conditioned reinforcer |
A stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. |
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Continuous reinforcement |
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
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Reinforcement schedule |
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. |
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Partial reinforcement |
Reinforcing a response only part of the time. |
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Fixed ratio schedule |
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
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Variable ratio schedule |
Nothing conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
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Fixed interval schedule |
In operant conditioning reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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Variable interval schedule |
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
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Punishment |
An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows. |
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Cognitive learning |
The acquisition of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language. |
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Cognitive map |
The mental representation of the layout of wind environment. |
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Latent learning |
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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Mirror neurons |
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. |
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Prosocial Behavior |
Positive, constructive, healthful Behaviour. |
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Memory |
Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. |
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Recall |
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier |
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Recognition |
Metro memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. |
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Relearning |
Measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. |
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Encoding |
Processing information into the memory system. |
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Storage |
The retention of encoded information over time |
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Retrieval |
The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
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Sensory memory |
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
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Short-term memory |
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
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Long term memory |
The relatively permanent in Limitless Storehouse of the memory system. |
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Working memory |
New understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
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Explicit memory |
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. |
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Effortful processing |
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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Automatic processing |
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such a space time and frequency and well-learned information such as word meanings. |
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Implicit memory |
Retention independent of conscious recollection. |
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Iconic memory |
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. |
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Echoic memory |
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. |
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Chunking |
Organizing items into familiar manageable units. |
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Mnemonics |
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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Spacing effect |
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then it's achieved Through Math study or practice. |
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Testing effect |
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information. |
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Shallow processing |
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of the words. |
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Deep processing |
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words. |
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Hippocampus |
A neural center located in Olympic system helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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Flashbulb memory |
Clear memory of an emotionally significant moments or events |
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Long-term potentiation |
An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. |
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Priming |
The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory. |
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Mood congruent memory |
Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
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Serial position effect |
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |
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Anterograde amnesia |
And inability to form new memories |
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Retrograde amnesia |
An inability to retrieve information from one's past |
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Repression |
Psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories |
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Misinformation effect |
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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Source amnesia |
Attributing to the wrong Source in event we have experienced, heard about, right about, or imagined. |
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Deja vu |
Eerie sense that I've experienced this before |