Psychology Ch 12

Front 1

Dr. Strayer investigates the mental processes we use to make sense of our social environment and form judgments about the characteristics and motives of other people. Dr. Strayer is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

evolutionary. clinical. social. cognitive.

Back 1

social

Front 2

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates

cognitive dissonance. a situational disposition. peripheral route persuasion. the fundamental attribution error.

Back 2

the fundamental attribution error.

Front 3

Rebecca needs a new car. When she sees her favorite movie star in a car commercial, she decides to purchase the car advertised in the commercial. Rebecca's decision making illustrates

cognitive dissonance. central route persuasion. peripheral route persuasion. a situational attribution.

Back 3

peripheral route persuasion.

Front 4

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates

cognitive dissonance. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. the fundamental attribution error. central route persuasion.

Back 4

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Front 5

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of

central route persuasion on decision making. peripheral route persuasion on social conflict. situational dispositions on behavior. role playing on attitude change

Back 5

role playing on attitude change.

Front 6

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of

social facilitation. normative social influence. informational social influence. the chameleon effect.

Back 6

normative social influence.

Front 7

Laurel is attending school in Japan for a semester. When she visited her host family, she quickly learned that it is bad manners to wear shoes inside a home in Japan. This “rule” is an example of

social facilitation. a norm. cognitive dissonance. role playing.

Back 7

a norm.

Front 8

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of

aggression. cognitive dissonance. learning. social norms.

Back 8

learning.

Front 9

Michelle, who is a very fast keyboard typist, types faster when others are watching her work. This best illustrates

automatic mimicry. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. social facilitation. cognitive dissonance.

Back 9

social facilitation.

Front 10

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity is called

cognitive dissonance. deindividuation. social loafing. social facilitation.

Back 10

deindividuation.

Front 11

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates

group polarization. just-world phenomenon. social facilitation. groupthink.

Back 11

group polarization.

Front 12

When pressured to conform, people may do the opposite of what is expected as a way of increasing their sense of

social control. groupthink. personal control. social facilitation.

Back 12

personal control.

Front 13

A negative behavior describes ________; a negative attitude describes ________.

prejudice; discrimination. hindsight bias; ingroup bias. discrimination; prejudice. outgroup homogeneity; ingroup bias.

Back 13

discrimination; prejudice

Front 14

Jonathan, who attends Cloverdale High School, believes that all students at his school are friendlier than those who attend nearby Smith Valley High School. His belief best illustrates

scapegoat theory. the just-world phenomenon. social scripts. ingroup bias.

Back 14

ingroup bias.

Front 15

Marshall, who is not a college athlete, thinks that all college athletes behave the same and have the same attitudes toward nonathletes. Marshall's thinking illustrates

discrimination. ingroup bias. outgroup homogeneity. the hindsight bias.

Back 15

outgroup homogeneity.

Front 16

According to the text, people who have low MAOA gene expression tend to demonstrate high levels of

implicit prejudice. more aggression when provoked. low levels of subtle prejudice. a less aggressive manner.

Back 16

more aggression when provoked.

Front 17

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.

amygdala. hypothalamus. frontal lobes. somatosensory cortex.

Back 17

frontal lobes

Front 18

Jorge is a pitcher for his high school baseball team. In the last inning, he gave up a home run, which turned out to be the go-ahead run against his school's biggest rival. When the next batter came up, Jorge hit him with a fastball and was ejected from the game. Jorge's behavior illustrates

blaming the victim. social scripts. the frustration-aggression principle. scapegoat theory.

Back 18

the frustration-aggression principle.

Front 19

When shopping for a new cell phone, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have familiar brand names. This preference best illustrates

the importance of social traps. the mere exposure effect. mirror-image perceptions. the reciprocity norm.

Back 19

the mere exposure effect.

Front 20

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

social exchange theory. reciprocity norm. the two-factor theory. equity theory.

Back 20

the two-factor theory

Front 21

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

social exchange theory. the reciprocity norm. the bystander effect. the mere exposure effect.

Back 21

the bystander effect.

Front 22

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of the river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of

social exchange theory. superordinate goals. diffusion of responsibility. the bystander effect.

Back 22

superordinate goals.

Front 23

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?

Announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the enemy.

Announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise.

Announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the enemy.

Announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged in an international court of law

Back 23

announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise

Front 24

The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is called

cognitive dissonance. an attitude. an attribution. central route persuasion.

Back 24

an attribution.

Front 25

The fundamental attribution error

involves underestimating the dispositional factors involved in a behavior. refers to the feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way. involves underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior. occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Back 25

involves underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior.

Front 26

When Arturo and Maria visit a local jewelry store to purchase an engagement ring, the store is crowded and there is only one salesperson. When the salesperson finally approaches them, she is irritated by their request for help. Arturo and Maria realize that her behavior is due to the lack of sales help and the number of customers in the store. They are attributing the salesperson's behavior based on a

situational attribution. a dispositional attribution. cognitive dissonance. central route persuasion.

Back 26

a situational attribution.

Front 27

Jackie is trying to decide which computer to purchase. After reading various articles comparing computers and researching the different types of computers in Consumer Reports, she makes her decision. Jackie's decision illustrates

central route persuasion. peripheral route persuasion. cognitive dissonance. attribution theory.

Back 27

central route persuasion.

Front 28

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

cognitive dissonance theory. attribution theory. central route persuasion. the fundamental attribution error.

Back 28

cognitive dissonance theory

Front 29

Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated

social facilitation. the chameleon effect. social loafing. social norms.

Back 29

the chameleon effect.

Front 30

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so. participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers. it is very difficult to make correct judgments. judgments are made in a group that has more than three people.

Back 30

participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.

Front 31

In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought

three others were pulling with them. three others were pulling against them. no others were pulling with them. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

Back 31

no others were pulling with them.

Front 32

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of

social loafing. social facilitation. deindividuation. mood linkage.

Back 32

deindividuation.

Front 33

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

personal control. harmony. minority influence. cognitive dissonance.

Back 33

harmony.

Front 34

Ray voices his belief that those who are gay are living immorally, which is an example of a(n) ________ prejudice. Chad disagrees with Ray's attitude toward gays, but does not realize that he makes no effort to meet or make friends with gays, which indicates a(n) _______ prejudice.

implicit; explicit subtle; explicit explicit; implicit implicit; overt

Back 34

explicit; implicit

Front 35

Before Mark had even heard the details of Allison's car accident, he commented, “Allison is so absentminded, I'm sure it happened because she was probably talking on her cell phone and not paying attention.” Mark's response illustrates

blaming the victim. the just-world phenomenon. social scripts. ingroup bias.

Back 35

blaming the victim.

Front 36

The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____.

ingroup; outgroup outgroup; ingroup ingroup bias; outgroup homogeneity overt group; subtle group

Back 36

ingroup; outgroup

Front 37

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

outgroup homogeneity. the other-race effect. the scapegoat theory. the frustration-aggression principle.

Back 37

the scapegoat theory.

Front 38

When Christa learned that she did not make the cheerleading team, she stole clothes and toiletries out of the lockers of several cheerleaders. Her behavior is best explained in terms

of scapegoat theory. the just-world phenomenon. blaming the victim. the frustration-aggression principle.

Back 38

the frustration-aggression principle.

Front 39

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their

happiness. academic competence. frequency of dating. altruism.

Back 39

frequency of dating.

Front 40

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of

equity. social exchange. passionate love. the mere exposure effect.

Back 40

equity.

Front 41

When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated

superordinate goals. the mere exposure effect. the reciprocity norm. altruism.

Back 41

altruism.

Front 42

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of

superordinate goals. the reciprocity norm. the bystander effect. diffusion of responsibility.

Back 42

the reciprocity norm.

Front 43

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates a

social trap. the mere exposure effect. the reciprocity norm. mirror-image perceptions.

Back 43

mirror-image perceptions.

Front 44

Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of the

reciprocity norm. social exchange theory. the mere exposure effect. GRIT.

Back 44

GRIT.