Psychology Ch. 1, 2, & 3

Front 1

define psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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behavior

Back 2

observable events, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions

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goals of psychology

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explain, predict, modify, and control behavior, improve lives

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Trephining

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500,000 BC, used to allow the escape of evil spirits

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Phrenology

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Franz Joseph Gall, 18th century: not a formal discipline until 19th century

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Psychology evolved from ? and ?

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biology and philosophy

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In the early years of Psychology is did not rely on ?

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empirical evidence (data)

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Wilhelm Wundt

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set up first psychology laboratory, developed structuralism, used a procedure called introspection

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sturcturalism

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focuses on the fundamental elements that form the foundation of thinking, consciousness, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities

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introspection

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procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus

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William James

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studied how behavior allows people to satisfy their needs.

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functionalism

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an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does- the functions of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their enviorments

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Gestalt

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an approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense rather than on the individual elements of perception

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Wundt studied ? through introspection in th 1880s-1920s

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inner sensations

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Freud published ? in 1900

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Interpretation of Dreams

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In the 1920s-1960s, Watson and the behaviorist thought you should only study what you can observe, True or False

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True

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Definition of Psychology in the 1960s- present day

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the science of behavior and mental process, behavior: anything an organism does that we can observe and record, metal process: internal subjective experiences we infer from behavior

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Definition of Psychology from 1880s-1920s

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the science of mental life

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Definition of Psychology from 1920s-1960s

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the science of what you can observe

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Psychology Post WWII

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obedience, conformity, authoritarian personality, leadership

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Psychology 1950s-1960s

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self development and self actualization

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Psychology 1970s

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gender differeces

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Psychology today

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drugs, impact of video media, impact of natural disasters, impact of terrorism

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theory

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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

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perspective

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a specific point of view in judging things or events

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neuroscience/biological perspective

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a psychological approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological funcitons

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what is the emphasis of the neuroscience/biological perspective

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bodily events and changes associated with actions feelings and thoughts

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the neuroscience/biological perspective involoves

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hormones, brain chemicals, heredity, and evolutionary influcences

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Psychodynamic perspective

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a psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy

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Psychodynamic perspective involves

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unconscious thoughts, desires, conflict, inner forces over which the individual has little control

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behavioral perspective

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a psychological approach suggests that observable behavior should be the focus of study

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What does the behavioral perspective emphasize

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the enviorment and experience affect a person's or animals actions

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cognitive perspective

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a psychological approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world

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what does the cognitive perspective emphasize?

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mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

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what does the cognitive perspective involve?

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computer models of human thinking, infant thinking, intelligence testing

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Humanistic perspective

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approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

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Humanistic perspective emphasizes

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free will, positive psychology, flow, etc stem from this movement

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nature vs nurture

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does enviorment or heredity have stronger influence on our thoughts, feelings, behaviors?

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consciousness vs unconsciousness

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how much of our behavior is a result of free will?

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individual differences vs universal principles

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how much of our behavior is a consequence of our unique and special qualities?

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What psychologists do?

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psychological research
psychological practice
psychology in community

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Psychological research

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research in areas of basic or applied psychology

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basic psychology

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conducted to advance scientific knowledge, seeks knowledge for its own sake

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applied psychology

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study of issues that have direct practical significance

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Biological bases of behavior

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biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience

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sensation, perception, learning, & thinking

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experimental psychology: methodological study of sensing, perceiving, learning and thinking; cognitive psychology: emphasis on higher mental process

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understanding change and individual differences

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developmental psychology: changes in behavior over the life span (womb to tomb), personality psychology: examines consistencies in peoples behavior over time and traits that differentiate us from one another

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physical and mental health

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health psychology: explores relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease; clinical psychology: investigates diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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understanding our social network

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social psychology: studies how people are affected by others; cross-culture psychology: focuses on the similarities and differences in psychological functioning across cultures and ethnic groups

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new frontiers

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clinical neuropsychology: focuses on relationship between biological factors and psychological disorders; evolutionary psychology: examines influence of our genetic heritage and our behavior

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What are the genetic contributors to depression?

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behavioral neuroscience

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what qualities make up effective teachers

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educational psychology

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do lonely people have low self-esteem

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personality psychology

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what happens to short term memory as people get older

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developmental psychology

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what factors influence the size of bets a gambler makes?

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experimental psychology

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how can people be encouraged to develop healthier diets? safe sex?

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health psychology

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psychotherapist

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a trained professional that uses techniques to help some one overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living , or bring a bout personal growth

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clinical psychologist

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trained to diagnose and treat problem that range from everyday crises of life, such as unhappiness over the breakup of a relationship to more extreme conditions such as profound lingering depression; research and investigate issues that range from identifying the early signs of psychological disturbance to studying the relationship between the family communication patterns and psychological disorders

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psychoanalysis

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psychodynamic therapy that involves frequent sessions and often lasts for many years

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Psychology in community

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business, police & law, hotlines & other public crisis situaiton,zoos and animal behavior, sport psychology

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Future of psychology

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increase in specialization, focus on prevention, greater influence on issues of public interest, increase in diversity