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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
encoding
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the processing of information so that it can be stored
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storage
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the retention of encoded representations over time that corresponds to some change in the nervous system that registers the event
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retrieval
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the act of recalling or remembering stored information to use it
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modal memory model
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the three-stage memory system that involves sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
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sensory memory
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memory for sensory information that is stored briefly close to its original sensory form
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short-term memory (STM)
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a limited-capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period
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working memory (WM)
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an active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use (20-30 sec)
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chunking
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organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
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central executive
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part of the WM, presides over the interactions between the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory, encodes/filters info to be stored in LTM and retrieves info from LTM when needed
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phonological loop
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part of the WM, encodes auditory info and is active whenever a person tries to remember words by reading, speaking, or repeating them
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visuospatial sketchpad
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part of Baddeley's WM, processes visual info, such as objects' features and where they are located
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episodic buffer
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part of Baddeley's WM, holds temporary info about oneself, drawing heavily on long-term episodic memory
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long-term memory (LTM)
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the relatively permanent storage of information
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serial position effect
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the ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle
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implicit memory
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the system underlying unconscious memories
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explicit memory
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the processes involved when people remember specific information
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declarative memory
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the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared
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episodic memory
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memory for one's personal past experience
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semantic memory
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memory for knowledge about the world
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procedural memory
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a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
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prospective memory
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remembering to do something at some time in the future
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schema
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a hypothetical cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, process, and use information
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retrieval cue
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anything that helps a person (or other animal) recall information from memory
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encoding specificity principle
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any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience, developed by Endel Tulving
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consolidation
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a hypothetical process involving the transfer of contents from immediate memory into long-term memory
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reconsolidation
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neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval
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spatial memory
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memory for the physical environment; it includes things such as location of objects, direction, and cognitive maps
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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a mental disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma
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forgetting
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the inability to retrieve memory for long-term storage
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transience
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the pattern of forgetting over time
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proactive interference
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when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information
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retroactive interference
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when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
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blocking
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the temporary inability to remember something that is known
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absentmindedness
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the inattentive or shallow encoding of events
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amnesia
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deficits in long-term memory that result from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma
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retrograde amnesia
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the condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information
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anterograde amnesia
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an inability to form new memories
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flashbulb memories
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vivid memories for the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, consequential, and emotionally arousing event
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source misattribution
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memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory
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cryptomnesia
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a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source
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suggestibility
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the development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information
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source amnesia
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a type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember when he or she encountered the information
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confabulation
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the false recollection of episodic memory
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memory bias
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the changing of memories over time in ways consistent with prior beliefs
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