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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reciprocity |
When babies and mothers give a signal and the other responds |
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Alert phase |
Babies have periodic phases where they signal that they are ready for Interaction and mothers respond 2 3rds of the time |
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Interactional synchrony |
When baby and parent interact such that actions and emotions are mirroed |
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Evaluate care-giver infant interactions |
Strength - well controlled procedures Filmed Babies don't know of observations High external validity Limitation - purpose? These phenomena are reliably observed but don't tell us their purpose Limitation - hard to tell what is happening |
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Schaffers's stages of attachment |
Asocial - baby's behaviour same towards inanimate objects and humans Indiscriminate - preference to humans, recognise familiar people Specific attachment - primary attachment figure, stranger and separational anxiety Multiple attachments - secondary attachments |
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Describe Schaffer and Emerson's Glasgow study |
60 working class babies from glasgow Visited at home every month for year and at 18 months 50% babies showed separational anxiety towards particular adult between 25 and 32 weeks Attachment usually to most interactive caregiver |
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Evaluate Schaffer and Emerson's Glasgow study |
Strength - high external validity Observations made by parents in every day life Strength - longitudinal not cross - sectional Same babies means less confounding variables so higher internal validity Limitation - problem with multiple attachment Children upset when playmate leaves but not necessarily attached to them |
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Describe Lorenz's geese study |
12 geese hatched with mother 12 with him Mixed goslings together and they still separated depending in their group Critical period for imprinting is few hours |
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Describe Harlow's contact comfort study |
16 rhesus monkeys with milk wire mother and cloth mother Monkeys spent most of time with cloth mother When frightened they went to cloth mother As adults they were less sociable, aggressive and less skilled at mating |
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Learning theory |
Dollar and Miller - Children love who feeds them Use classical and operant conditioning |
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Evaluate learning theory |
Limitation - animal studies provide contrasting evidence Limitation - human research shows feeding not important Schaffer and Emerson's found the babies to attach to those who paid most attention |
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Describe Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment |
Imprinting and attachment evolved to provide babies higher chance of survival |
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Law of continuity |
More constant care the better quality attachment |
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Law of accumulated separation |
Effects of separation add up |
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Social releasers |
Cute behaviour to attract carers |
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Internal working model |
Mental representation of a correct relationship from their primary attachment figure |
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Evaluate monotropic theory of attachment |
Mixed evidence Glasgow study found most babies to attach to 1 primary figure but some attached to 2 at once Strength - internal working model support 99 mothers with poor parent attachment likely to be similar with one children Limitation - socially sensitive Mothers implied to be bad if retuning to work |
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Describe Ainsworth's strange situation |
5 categories: proximity seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion 1 child encouraged to explore 2 stranger enters 3 Caregiver leaves 4 caregiver returns stranger leaves 5 caregiver leaves 6 stranger returns 7 caregiver returns 60-75% secure attached 20-25% Insecure avoidant 3% Insecure resistant |
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Evaluate Ainsworth's strange situation |
Strength - attachments predict later life Limitation - imposed etic Limitation - temperament confounding variable |
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Describe Dutch meta analysis |
32 studies in 8 countries Secure most common from 50-75% Collectivist cultures had higher Insecure resistant Variation between same county 150% greater |
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Describe Simonelli et Al study |
Compared 76 present day 12month olds to previous years Found lower rates of secure attachment Suggested to be from more working mothers |
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Evaluate cultural variation studies |
Strength - meta analysis gives huge sample sizes High internal validity Limitation - imposed etic Strange situation biased to individualist culures Limitation - samples compare countries not culures Urban Tokyo found to be more similar to Western cultures that rural china |
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Describe Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation |
If child is separated from mother, without alternative emotional care, for extended time in 1st 30 months psychological damage inevitable Will cause mental retardation and low iq Could lead to affectionless psychopathy |
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Describe 44 thieves |
Thieves interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy 14 were affectionless psychopaths Of these 12 had experiences prolonged separation Only 5 of remaining 30 had separations |
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Evaluate maternal deprivation |
Limitation - counter evidence 44 thieves replicated with 500 young people and early prolonged separation did not predict criminality of relationship difficulties Limitation - critical period more sensitive Czech twins in cupboard recovered fully after 18 month in isolation Strength - animal studies demonstrate maternal deprivation |
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Describe Hazan and Shaver's romantic relationships study |
620 replies to a love quiz 56% securely attached 25% avoidant Secure had best relationships Avoidant feared intimacy and were jealous |
