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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory |
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
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Encoding |
Processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning |
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Storage |
Process of retaining encoded information over time |
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Retrieval |
Process of getting information out of memory storage |
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Parallel processing |
Processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving |
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Sensory memory |
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
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Short-term memory |
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before information is stored or forgotten |
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Long-term memory |
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
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Working memory |
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information retrieved from long-term memory |
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Explicit memory |
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory) |
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Effortful processing |
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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Automatic processing |
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well learned informtaion such as meanings |
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Implicit memory |
Retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarative memory) |
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Iconic memory |
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
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Echoic memory |
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds |
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Chunking |
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
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Mnemonics |
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
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Spacing effect |
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is acheived through massed study or practice |
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Testing effect |
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information (retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning) |
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Shallow processing |
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
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Deep processing |
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention |
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Hippocampus |
A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
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Flashbulb memory |
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
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Recall |
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
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Recognition |
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on multiple-choice test |
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Relearning |
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
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Priming |
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
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Mood-congruent memory |
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
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Serial position effect |
Our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primary effect) in a list |
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Anterograde amnesia |
An inability to form new memories |
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Retrograde amnesia |
An inability to retrieve information from one's past |
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Proactive interference |
Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
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Retroactive interference |
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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Repression |
In psychoanalytic theory, the basis defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
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Misinformation effect |
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an evenr |
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Source amnesia |
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experinced, heard about, read about, or imagined (source misattribution) |
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Déjà vu |
That eerie sense that "ive experienced this before". Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
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Cognition |
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Concept |
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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Prototype |
A mental image or best example of a category |
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Creativity |
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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Convergent thinking |
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
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Divergent thinking |
Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions) |
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Algorithm |
Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
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Heuristic |
Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, speedier but error-prone |
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Insight |
A sudden realization of a problems solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
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Confirmation bias |
A tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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Mental set |
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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Intuition |
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
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Representative heuristic |
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevent information |
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Availability heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of vividness) we presume such events are common |
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Overconfidence |
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |
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Belief perseverance |
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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Framing |
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed cam significantly affect decisions and judgements |
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Language |
Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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Phoneme |
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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Morpheme |
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or part of a word. (Prefixs) |
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Grammer |
In language, a system of riles that enables us to communicate with amd understand others. Semantics-meaning, syntax-set of rules of combining words in grammatically sensible snetences |
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Babbling stage |
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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One-word |
Stage in which speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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Two-word stage |
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements |
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Telegraphic speech |
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs |
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Aphasia |
Impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (speaking) or Wernicke's area(understanding) |
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Broca's area |
Controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements invovled in speech |
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Wernicke's area |
Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the ledt temporal lobe |
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Linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
