Psychology

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Behaviorist

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Motivated by external stimuli

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Psychodynamic

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Feelings and emotion related to early experience

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Cognitive

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Focus on processing that allow people to know, understand and think about the world

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Social cultural

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Behavior and thinking must be underlined in its context

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Evolutionary

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Genetic factors and shared survival pressure

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Behavior genetics

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examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on animal (including human) behavior

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Neuroscience

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How the body and brain function to enable psychological phenomena

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Case study

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Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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Survey

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Techniques to find the self reported attitudes/behavior of particular group

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Naturalistic observation

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Observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation without manipulating

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Correlation

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Measure of extent which two factors vary together, and how well they factor the other

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Illusory correlation

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is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.

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Experiment

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One type of research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more independent variables (IV) to determine the effect(s)

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Causation

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changes in one thing that was measured directly cause changes in the other.

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Operational definition

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Statement of procedures used to define research variables.

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Independent variables

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Experimental factor that is manipulated. effect being studied

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Dependent variables

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Outcome factor. Change in response manipulation s of independent variable

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Environment

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Every nongenetic influence , from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around them

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Culture

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Enduring behavior, ideas ,attitudes, value, and traditions shared by a group

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Genes

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Biochemical units of heredity that makes up chromosomes DNA

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Genotypes

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Unique,

looks,

and all genes

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Phenotype

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Expressed

Looks

Exterior

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Monozygotic/Identical twins

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either of two twins developed from the same fertilized ovum (having the same genetic material)

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Dizygotic/fraternal twins

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Derived from two separately fertilized eggs. Used especially of fraternal twins

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Temperament

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Aspect of personality introverted/extrovert traits specific to person

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Gender

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Socially constructed roles and characteristics which define males and females

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Gender typing

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Acquisition of traditional masculine or feminism role

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Gender roles

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Set of expected behavior for males or females

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Gender identity

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Sense of being male or female

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Gender constancy

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the a child's emerging sense of the permanence of being a boy or a girl and an understanding that occurs in a series of stages that include gender

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Memory

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Persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval

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Encoding

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Processing of info into memory system

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Storage

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Holds encoded info over a period of time

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Retrieval

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Getting info from memory storage

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Tip of the tongue

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about to be said or almost remembered

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Sensory memory

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Immediate. Brief recording of sensory info in memory system

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Ichonic and echonic memory (sensory)

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Ichonic- photographic memory

Echonic- verbal and sounds

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Working memory

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Newer understanding of short term memory that focus on conscious

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Long term memory

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Permanent limitless storehouse of memory

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Automatic processing

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Unconscious encoding of incidental information

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Effortful processing

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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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Spacing effect

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Distribute study or practice to have better long term retrieval through mass study practice

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Serial position effect

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Recall first and last thing on the list

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rehearsal

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cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it

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mnemonic

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memoty aid, techniques that use imagery organzational devices

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chunking

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organizingitems into familiar, manageable units, occurs automatically

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memory trace

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theoretical change to the system which actually encodes memories in an organism.

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recall

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measure of memory in which person must recieve information

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recognition

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measure of memory by identifying info learned

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relearning

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measure of memory by amount of time saved when learning material again

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proactive interference

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disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information

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retroactive intereference

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disruptive effect of learning new info from the past

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

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source amnesia

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attributing to the wrong source event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

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repression

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basic defense mechanism that banishes from consiousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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Hippocampus

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Helps store explicit memories

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Explicit memory

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Memory of facts and experience known consiously

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Implicit memory

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Independent of conscious recollection

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Cerebellum

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Little brain that process sensory input

Coordination

Enable none verbal movement