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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical Conditioning |
when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response; the study of behaviors that are reactive |
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Unconditioned Stimulus |
something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism (the presentation of food) |
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Unconditioned Response |
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus (the dogs' salivation) |
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Conditioned Stimulus |
a previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US (the sound of a bell) |
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Conditioned Response |
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus (the dogs' salivation); always the same as the unconditioned response |
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acquisition |
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
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Second-order conditioning |
conditioning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure |
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extinction |
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
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Generalization |
the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition |
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Discrimination |
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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Biological Preparedness |
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
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Observational learning |
learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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Diffusion Chain |
individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior |
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Implicit Learning |
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition |
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Operant Conditioning |
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future; the exploration of behaviors that are active |
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law of effect |
Behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated; Thorndike developed this |
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operant behavior |
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment; B.F. Skinner coined this term |
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Skinner box |
allows a researcher to study the behavior of small organisms in a controlled environment |
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reinforcer |
any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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punisher |
any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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Positive reinforcement |
where a rewarding stimulus is presented (giving something to increase behavior) |
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Negative reinforcement |
where an unpleasant stimulus is removed (taking something away to increase behavior) |
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Positive Punishment |
where an unpleasant stimulus is administered (giving something to decrease a behavior) |
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negative punishment |
where a rewarding stimulus is removed (taking something away to decrease a behavior) |
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Primary Reinforcers |
they help satisfy biological needs (food, comfort, shelter, or warmth) |
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Secondary reinforcers |
verbal approval, a trophy, or money |
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interval schedules |
based on the time intervals between reinforcements |
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ratio schedules |
based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements |
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Fixed-interval schedules |
reinforcers are presented at fixed-time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made (undergraduates that do little work until just before the upcoming exam) |
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variable-interval schedule |
a behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement (radio promotional giveaways) |
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fixed-ratio schedule |
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made (punch cards at sandwich shops) |
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variable-ratio schedule |
the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses (casino slot machines - you don't know when you're going to win) |
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intermittent reinforcement |
when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement |
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intermittent reinforcement effect |
the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
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shaping |
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
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latent learning |
something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
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Cognitive Map |
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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medial forebrain bundle |
the most susceptible to stimulation that produces pleasure |