Psychology 4031 Test 2

Front 1

Place where there is sudden change in brightness, lightness, or color; is necessary for vision

Back 1

edge

Front 2

In Treisman's feature integration theory, the identification of objects in the second stage of processing.

Back 2

Focused attention

Front 3

Processing information that requires the targets or tasks to be handled at one time

Back 3

serial process

Front 4

In Treisman's feature integration theory an inappropriate combination of features from two stimuli.

Back 4

illusory conjunction

Front 5

ideal feature proposed to serve as a basis of comparison in the prototype matching approach to pattern recognition.

Back 5

prototype

Front 6

Approach to shape perception suggesting that we store specific patterns of infromation in memory and that recognition occurs when we match a newly presented stimulus to a template.

Back 6

template matching approach

Front 7

A tendency to report seeing more of a scene than was actually visible.

Back 7

boundary extension

Front 8

Phenomenon in which letters are percieved better when they appear in words than in stings of unrelated letters

Back 8

word superiority effect

Front 9

word superiority effect

Back 9

word apprehension effect

Front 10

an incorrect perception

Back 10

illusion

Front 11

phenomenon in which contours are seen even though they are not physically present

Back 11

illusory contour

Front 12

regions of an illusory contour figure in which true contours exist

Back 12

inducing areas

Front 13

slow smooth eye movements used in tracking an object moving against a stationary object

Back 13

pursuit movements

Front 14

the pause between two saccadic eye movements

Back 14

fixation pause

Front 15

a single rapid eye movement in which the eye is moved from one location to the next

Back 15

saccade

Front 16

very rapid eye movements in which teh eye is moved from one fixation point to the next

Back 16

saccadic movements

Front 17

type of vergence movement of the eyes in which the eyes rotate away from each other

Back 17

divergence

Front 18

type of vergence movement used when looking at near by objects

Back 18

convergence

Front 19

when viewing nearby objects, each eye rotates in its socket bringing the pupil toward the nose.

Back 19

converge

Front 20

rotation of the eyes to bring the pupils to the center for viewing distant objects

Back 20

diverge

Front 21

eye movements in which the angle between the lines of sight changes and the eyes move toward or away from each other.

Back 21

vergence movement

Front 22

eye movement in which the angle between the lines of sight remains constant and the eyes move in the same direction.

Back 22

version movement

Front 23

referring to people who cannot see nearby objects

Back 23

far-sighted

Front 24

blind area caused by damage to the visual cortex

Back 24

scotoma

Front 25

an image that is kept on the same part of the retina through various means.

Back 25

stabilized retinal image

Front 26

unavailable small eye movements that occur during fixation

Back 26

involuntary eye movements

Front 27

phenomenon in which bright and dark regions are percieved within a singe stripe, although there is no corresponding variation in the physical distribution of light.

Back 27

mach band

Front 28

inhibition of neural activity for points near the part of the retina that is stimulated by light

Back 28

lateral inhibition

Front 29

a visual field that has no contours

Back 29

Ganzfeld

Front 30

location at which lightness, brightness, or color changes suddenly, also called an edge

Back 30

contour

Front 31

psychologica reaction corresponding to the intensity of light waves, the apparent intensity of a light source

Back 31

brightness

Front 32

psychological reaction corresponding to the amount of light reflected on an object

Back 32

lightness

Front 33

without color

Back 33

achromatic

Front 34

refers to people who are farsighted and cannot see nearby objects

Back 34

hypermetropic

Front 35

refers to people who cannot see far away

Back 35

near sighted

Front 36

refers to people who are nearsighted and cannot see faraway objects

Back 36

myopic

Front 37

an intermediate resting state of the lens due to relaxation of the ciliary muscles. thought to be caused by a baance of input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Back 37

dark focus

Front 38

the nearest point that the viewer can see clearly

Back 38

near point

Front 39

the farthest point that the viewer can see cleary

Back 39

far point

Front 40

muscle that controls the shape of the lens

Back 40

ciliary muscle

Front 41

change in shape of the lens of the eye, necessary to keep an image in proper focus on the retina, it focuses on objects at different distances

Back 41

accomodation

Front 42

ability to see fine details in a scene

Back 42

visual acuity

Front 43

according to the ratio principle the important factor that determines how light on objects appears is the stimulus intesity of the object in comparison to other objects in the scene.

Back 43

ratio principle

Front 44

representation of objects in contact with a sense organ, such as the representation on the retina, as opposed to the distal stimuls.

Back 44

proximal stimulus

Front 45

stimulus or object as it exists in the world, as opposed to proximal stimulus.

Back 45

distal stimulus

Front 46

tendency for qualities of objects to seem to stay the same, despite changes in the way people view the objects

Back 46

constancy

Front 47

phenomenon in which an object seems to stay the same lightness despite changes in the amount of light falling on it

Back 47

lightness constancy

Front 48

proportion of light reflected by an object, it reamins constant despite changes in the amount of light falling on it.

Back 48

albedo

Front 49

In order to see, we require________and________.

Back 49

physical stimuls & intact visual system

Front 50

case studies of both restored vision and adaptation to rearranged visual stimulus shows us that_________is vital for visual perception.

Back 50

experience

Front 51

the__________measure of acuity by asking observers to identify a target letter.

Back 51

snellen chart

Front 52

process that allows several targets or tasks to be handled simultaneously, typically by different modules

Back 52

parallel process

Front 53

In Treismans feature integration theory, the automatic regestration of stimulus features.

Back 53

preattentive processing

Front 54

approach suggesting we use different levels of processing for different kinds of shape perception

Back 54

feature-integration approach

Front 55

Gestalt law that says that a line is perceived as continuing in the same direction it was going prior to intersection.

Back 55

law of good continuation

Front 56

Gestalt law that says items that are similar are grouped together

Back 56

law of simiarity

Front 57

Gestalt law that says objects near each other are grouped together as one unit

Back 57

law of proximity

Front 58

ideas that explain the way we organize or group information

Back 58

laws of grouping

Front 59

in contrast to a hollistic orientation, emphasizes the importance of the components that combine to form our perceptual experiences

Back 59

analytical orientation

Front 60

characterized by the Gestalt approach, argues that the final percept that we experience is not simply the sum of its parts

Back 60

holistic orientation

Front 61

approach to perception that emphasizes that we perceive objects as well organized, whole stuctures rather than as sperated, isolated parts

Back 61

Gestalt approach

Front 62

technique in which a paricular stimulus is continously exposed in order to produce fatigue in neurons sensitive to certain spatial frequencies

Back 62

selective adaptation procedure

Front 63

channels in the visual system that are sensitive to a narrow range of spatial frequencies.

Back 63

spatial frequency channels

Front 64

diagram that shows the relationship between spatial frequency and sensitivity

Back 64

contrast sensitivity function

Front 65

size of the angle formed by extending two lines from the observer's eye to the outside edges of the target

Back 65

visual angle

Front 66

process of adding together a series of sine waves

Back 66

fourier synthesis

Front 67

process in which a stimulus is analyzed into its component sine waves

Back 67

fourier analysis

Front 68

set of burry stripes that alternate between dark and light

Back 68

sinusoidal grating

Front 69

smooth wave pattern resembling the pattern of light waves or pure tones

Back 69

sine wave

Front 70

approach to shape perception suggesting that to process visual information, the visual system breaks the stimuls down into a serises of light and dark stripes

Back 70

spatial frequency analysis approach

Front 71

approach that empahsizes the importance of the observer's concepts and cognitive processes in shaping perception

Back 71

top down processing

Front 72

approach that emphasizes how the sensory receptors register the stimuli, with information flowing from the low level upward to the higher.

Back 72

bottom up processing

Front 73

lines in an illusory contour figure that encourage the perception of illusory contours

Back 73

inducing lines

Front 74

approach that emphasizes the importance of the observers concepts and cognitive process in shaping perception

Back 74

conceptually driven processing

Front 75

approach that emphasizes how sensory receptors register stimuli, with info flowing from the low level upward to the higher, more cognitive levels.

Back 75

data-driven processing

Front 76

an area set off form the surrounding space by its edges

Back 76

form

Front 77

area set off from the rest of a visua stimulus because it has a contour.

Back 77

shape

Front 78

focusing or concentration of mental activity

Back 78

attention

Front 79

cue to the three dimensionality of a shape arising from light reflected from the surface of an object

Back 79

shape from highlights

Front 80

cue to the three dimensionality of a shape arising form the motion of the object

Back 80

shape from shading

Front 81

cue to the three dimensionality of a shpae arising from the motion of the object

Back 81

shape from motion

Front 82

basic shapes from which objects can be constructed

Back 82

geons

Front 83

the approach suggesting that recognition of comlex shapes occurs by analyzing the basic components from which they are constructed

Back 83

recognition-by components approach

Front 84

relating to Marr's theory of space perception. Here the percept changes from viewer to object centered, providing a more accurate representation of depth than the 2-d sketch

Back 84

3-d sketch

Front 85

relating to marr's theory of space perception. is viewer centered and contains info about motion and the primal sketch

Back 85

2.5-d sketch

Front 86

lines that are not actually present in a display, but are created by our perceptual system to organize the display onto objects

Back 86

virtual lines

Front 87

a kind of map for shape perception produced by the visual system, which yeilds edge and intensity differences

Back 87

primal sketch

Front 88

a filter with characteristics simiar to the receptive fields found in the visual system.

Back 88

mexican hat filter

Front 89

related to edge perception, the point of change in intensity within the visual field

Back 89

zero-crossing

Front 90

approach to perception suggesting that although teh stimuli themselves are rich in information, higher level processes involving general physical principles are also necessary for perception to occur

Back 90

computational approach

Front 91

we organize input as single unit when we perceive a connected regionof uniform visual properties, such as lightness, color and so on

Back 91

uniform connectedness

Front 92

an area determined by edges or shading, within with we tend to group stimuli together

Back 92

common region

Front 93

approach in which observers look at their immediate experience and attempt to describe it completely

Back 93

phenomenological observation

Front 94

phenomenon in which an object seems to stay the same shape despite changes in its orientation

Back 94

shape constancy

Front 95

theory of shape constancy in which the viewer calculates objective shape by combining info about an objects retinal shape and its slant

Back 95

shape-slant invariance hypothesis

Front 96

situations in which the figure and the ground reverse from time to time, with the figure becoming the ground and then becoming the figure again

Back 96

ambiguous figure ground relationships

Front 97

the background that appears to be behind the figure

Back 97

ground

Front 98

a distinct shape with clearly defined edges

Back 98

figure

Front 99

gestalt law that states when faced with severa alternative perceptions, the one that will actually occur is the one with the best, simplest, and most stabe shape

Back 99

law of pragnanz

Front 100

gestalt law that says that items percieved as moving in the same direction are seen as belonging together

Back 100

law of common fate

Front 101

gestalt law that states that a figure is perceived as closed and complete rather than containing a blank portion

Back 101

law of closure

Front 102

phenomenon in which contours are seen even when they are not physicaly present

Back 102

subjective contour

Front 103

phenomenon in which accuracy is reduced for reporting a stimulus because it was followed rapidly by a second stimulus. is found in both vision and audition.

Back 103

backward masking

Front 104

psychological reaction to color that corresponds to the length of light waves

Back 104

hue

Front 105

circle with different wave lengths arranged around the edge; used to represent the colors of the spectrum

Back 105

color wheel

Front 106

hues that cannot be described in terms of a single wave length from part of the spectrum

Back 106

non spectral hues

Front 107

colors produced by a single wavelength

Back 107

monochromatic colors

Front 108

three-dimensional figure, resembling two cones joined together, that represents the hue, saturation, and lightness of all colors: also called color spindle

Back 108

color solid

Front 109

in the discription of color the lack of white light

Back 109

purity

Front 110

psychological reaction to purity of light, appears to have little white light added to it

Back 110

saturation

Front 111

in color mixing, combining dies or pigments, or placing two or more colored filters together

Back 111

subractive mixuture

Front 112

in color mixing, the addition of beams of light from different parts of the spectrum.

Back 112

additive mixture

Front 113

one of the senses in which an observer cannot detect the seperate parts. For example, in vision an observer cannot detect the components of a color mixture

Back 113

synthetic sense

Front 114

sense in which the observer can detect the seperate parts

Back 114

analytic sense

Front 115

hues whose additive mixture makes grey. such as blue and yellow

Back 115

complementary hues

Front 116

atristic technique in which discrete dots of pigment are applied to the canvas; the dots blend into solid colors when viewed from a distance

Back 116

pointillism

Front 117

a painting techinique that is based on the interactive effects of arger patches of color than pointallism

Back 117

divisionalism

Front 118

pairs of light that look exactly the same but are composed of physically different stimuli

Back 118

metamers

Front 119

process in which a subject can match any hue of a single wavelength by combining various amounts of three different colored lights

Back 119

metametric matching

Front 120

theory of color vision stating that there are three kinds of color receptors, each sensitive to light from a different part of the spectrum

Back 120

trichromatic theory

Front 121

procedure in which an extremely small beam of light from one part of the color spectrum is passed through individual receptors in dissected retinal tissue. the amount of ight absorbed at each wavelength is then measured.

Back 121

microspectrophotometry

Front 122

region in the spectrum in which light is absorbed, such as the region in which a particular type of cone absorbs light

Back 122

spectral sensitivity

Front 123

theory states the are cells in the visual system that respond to stimulation by an increase in activity when one color is present and by a decrease in activity when another color is present

Back 123

opponent-process theory

Front 124

a disorder of the visual cortex leading to an inability to see color

Back 124

achromatopsia

Front 125

disorder or difficulties in discriminating different colors, commonly called color blindness

Back 125

color vision dificincies

Front 126

person who requires three primary colors to match all other colors

Back 126

normal trichromat

Front 127

the most common for of color dificiency. has all three cone systems, but one of the systesms has an abnormal absorption spectrum.

Back 127

anomalous trichromat

Front 128

person who only requires two primary colors to match his or her perception of all other colors due to a missing cone system

Back 128

dichromat

Front 129

people who are dichromats and insensitive to deep red.

Back 129

protanopes

Front 130

people who are dichormats and are insensitive to red and green

Back 130

deuteranopes

Front 131

person who only needs one color to match his or her perception of all other colors, every hue looks the same to this person

Back 131

monochromat

Front 132

people who are dichromats and have difficulty with blue shades

Back 132

triptanopes

Front 133

test for color dificincies in which the observer tires to detect a hidden number in a pattern of different colored circles.

Back 133

ishihara test

Front 134

the changing of an objects perceived color, or hue, due to the surrounding color

Back 134

simultaneous color contrast

Front 135

situation in which the appearance of a color is changed because of another color presented before hand.

Back 135

successive color contrast

Front 136

image that appears after the presentation of a stimulus.

Back 136

negative afterimage

Front 137

decrease in reponse to a color after it is viewed continously for a long time

Back 137

chromatic adaptation

Front 138

tendency to see the hue of an object as staying the same depite changes in the color of the light falling on it.

Back 138

color constancy

Front 139

theory seeks to explain color perception and color constancy based primarily on perception of the pattern of refectancies from the stimuli.

Back 139

retinex theory

Front 140

impressions of color that are produced by black and white stimulus

Back 140

subjective colors

Front 141

artistic movement that developed in the 1960s that attmepted to produce a strictly optical art

Back 141

op art

Front 142

phenomenon in which an observer's sensitivity to various wavelengths shifts toward the shorter wavelengths as he or she shifts from cone to rod conditions

Back 142

purkinje shift

Front 143

exist when the light is sufficently bright that cones are still functional, but sufficiently dim tht rods can also function

Back 143

mesopic

Front 144

depth differences due to viewing color stimuli binocularly through some lenses

Back 144

color steropsis

Front 145

phenomenon in which an objects typical color influences the observer's perception of the object's actual color

Back 145

memory color

Front 146

process of treating objects as similar or equivelant , as in categorical perception

Back 146

categorization