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381 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes in humans and animals.
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Goals of psychology
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Description, explanation, prediction, control
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Philosophers
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Laid groundwork for psychology; philosophy + biology = psychology
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Aristotle
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Connection between soul & body - cannot separate the two
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Plato
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Dualism - body & soul are separate but interrelated
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Rene Descartes
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Modified dualism - mind & body have reciprocal interaction via pineal gland (cannot function without each other; influence each other)
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Wilhelm Wundt
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First psychology lab in Germany; "father of psychology"; structuralism
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Structuralism
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Focus on structure of the mind; mind consists of basic elements analyzed via objective introspection
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Edward Titchener
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(Structuralism) Introspect about physical objects AND thoughts; break down consciousness into its basic elements
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Functionalism
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William James - Focus on adaptation, living working, playing - functioning in the real world; why do we make certain connections; "stream of thought" vs. elements of mind
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Gestalt Psychology
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"Whole is greater than the sum of its parts"; mind is an "organized whole"; people naturally seek out patterns in available sensory information
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Sigmund Freud
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Neurologist in late 19th century Vienna; psychoanalysis = insight therapy for fear & anxiety; unconscious drives shape what we do & our relationships; early childhood (1st 3-6 years) shape you
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Behaviorism
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Watson - believed fears are learned via experience; only way psychology is a sciences is if we study behavior; you can raise a child to become what you want them to become - heredity has no say
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Psychodynamic
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Focus on unconscious & early development, not sex (not therapy; how unconscious affects mind)
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Behavioral
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Focus on operant conditioning, punishment, & reinforcement; how to change behavior, esp. in kids; CBT
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Humanistic psychology
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"Self help"; people have the freedom to choose their own destiny; focus on good, not bad; "the best you can be"
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Biopsychological
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Attribute human & animal behavior to biological events (focus on biology & brain function)
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Cognitive
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Memory, intelligence, perception, learning, etc.; study how we think
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Sociocultural
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Relationship between social behavior & culture (how being in a group vs. individually affects us); environment & context
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Evolutionary
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Biological, mental traits shared by all humans; genetics; how we have survived/adapted over the years
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Psychiatrist
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Medical doctor; only professionals in psychology that can write prescriptions, focus on more high-level issues (usually don't do therapy)
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Therapist
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Masters degree in counseling; lower-level issues
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Psychiatric social worker
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MSW, work in medical field, therapy in hospitals
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Psychologist
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PhD in psychology; cannot write prescriptions; work with higher-level issues; sometimes therapy
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Scientific Method
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Perceive, hypothesize, test, draw conclusions, report/revise/replicate
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Naturalistic observation
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Study subjects in natural environment; describe WHAT is happening (not why it is)
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Laboratory observation
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Study subjects in artificial environment
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Case study
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Studying 1 person of a small group of people in detail; usually when something strange or random happens & the effect that has on the person--when something can't ethically be done but has happened; can't generalize it to everyone
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Survey
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Asking participants a series of personal questions
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Correlation
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Measure of the relationship between 2 variables; NOT cause & effect
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Variable
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Anything that changes or varies
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Positive correlation
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Both variables go in the same direction (both increase or both decrease)
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Negative correlation
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Variables go in different directions (One increases and one decreases)
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Outliers
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People that don't fall into the "norm"
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Experiment
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Only way to show cause & effect; experimental & control groups; random assignment
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Operational definitions
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Define what you're interested in studying & how this significantly affects something else.
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Independent variable
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The change - what you do to one group that you don't do to another
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Dependent variable
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Outcome from applying independent variable; both groups always have this
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Nervous system
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Carries information to and from all parts of the body
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Central nervous system
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Brain & spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous sustem
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Autonomic (parasympathetic & sympathetic) and somatic; contains all nerves and neurons not contained in CNS; connects sensory neurons to spinal cord
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Neuroscience
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Study of neural structures, behavior, and learning. (Physical things in the brain)
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Neuron
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Communicates information
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Dendrite
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Pulls information into the neuron
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Soma
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Continues to send information or stop the transmission
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Axon
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Sends information to other neurons if the information from soma is continued
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Myelin
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Sheath of protective insulation on neurons
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Synapse
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Space between axon & dendrite; giving/receiving neuron
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Synaptic gap
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Breaks up an action (keeps it from going forever)
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Reuptake
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Goes back to original source when it stops
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Excitatory neurotransmitters
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Causes receiving cell to fire; agonists mimic/enhance neurotransmitters' effect on receptor sites
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Inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Cause receiving cell to stop firing; antagonists block/reduce cell's response to other neurotransmitters
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Dopamine
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Mostly an excitatory neurotransmitter; pathways involved with schizophrenia & Parkinson's; response to something new & exciting
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Serotonin
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Can be either excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters; pathways involved with mood regulation
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Key-lock mechanism
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Describes the way in which neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neurons
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Spinal cord
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Bundle of neurons that carries messages between body & brain
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Reflex arc
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Afferent (sensory) neurons, efferent (motor) neurons, interneurons (connectors of 1st 2)
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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"Rest & digest"
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Sympathetic nervous system
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"Fight or flight"
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EEG
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Electrodes placed on scalp to measure brain waves
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CT scan
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Series of brian x-rays to see structures and damage
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MRI
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more detail than CT
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PET scan
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Shows brain activity
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fMRI
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Shows structure & activity
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Hindbrain
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Located at the base of the brain, consisting of various parts functioning to sustain bodily functions; aka brain stem
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Medulla
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(Hindbrain) Involuntary life functions (breathing, heartbeat)
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Pons
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(Hindbrain) Coordinates movements between right & left sides of body
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Cerebellum
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(Hindbrain) Involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement (walking, typing, playing guitar, etc.)
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Reticular formation
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(Hindbrain) Attention & alertness
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Limbic system
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Located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, motivation
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Thalamus
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Sensory switchboard (all senses except smell) [limbic system]
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleeping, waking, sexual activity, emotions, and controls pituitary (limbic system)
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Hippocampus
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Helps with creating long-term memory (limbic system)
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Amygdala
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Responsible for fear responses and may play a role in aggression (limbic system)
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Synesthesia
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Sensory information processed in wrong cortical areas - information interpreted as more than one sense
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Sensation
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Activation of receptors in various sense organs
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Subliminal stimuli
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Stimuli just below level of conscious awareness (ex. gut feeling)
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Habituation
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Brain stops attending to constant, unchanging stimuli (cognitive) [ex. band aid]
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Sensory adaptation
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Sensory receptors less responsive to constant stimuli (biological) [ex. daily shots]
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Change blindness
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Inability to notice a change in the environment if not paying attention to it
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Dim light
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Low amplitude
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Bright light
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High amplitude
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Color based on...
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Wavelength
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Brightness based on...
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Amplitude (wave)
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Reds
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Long wavelength
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Blues
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Shorter wavelength
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Cornea
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Clear membrane that covers the eye's surface
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Lens
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Focuses light on retina
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Accommodation
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Lens moves depending on focus
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Iris
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Muscle that gives light its color; opens & closes pupil
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Pupil
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Hole through which light enters; low light (big) vs. bright light (small)
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Retina
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Back of eye where light is focused; sends info. to brain to process it
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Photoreceptor cells
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Rods & cones
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Bipolar neurons
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Ganglion cells
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Optic nerve
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Carries neural impulses from eye to brain; once detached cannot be replaced
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Blind spot
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Spot where you can't see anything because it is where the optic nerve is
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Cones
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Located in fovea (retina); responsible for day vision--color, shape, movement
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Rods
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Located in periphery; responsible for black & white, peripheral vision)
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Trichromatic theory
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3 types of cones (red, blue, green); firing rate of cones & color to see different colors
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Opponent-process theory
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4 primary colors with cones arranged in pairs; explains afterimages
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Color blindness
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Caused by defective cones; monochromatic & red-green
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Wavelength
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Measure of sound; measured in Hertz (waves/cycles per second)
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Amplitude
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Volume; decibels
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Cochlea
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Snail shaped structure filled with fluid (inner ear)
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Organ of Corti
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In basilar membrane & contains receptor cells (inner ear)
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Auditory nerve
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Receives messages from Organ of Corti (inner ear)
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Taste also known as...
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Gustation
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Taste buds
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Send chemicals from food to brain to process taste (tongue)
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Papillae
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Ridges/bumps on tongue to pull in chemicals from food
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5 primary tastes
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Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
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Smell also known as...
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Olfaction
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Smells sensed by...
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Olfactory receptors
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Smell pathway
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Olfactory--cilia--neural impulse--olfactory nerve--olfactory bulb (brain)
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Perception
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Method by which sensations are organized & interpreted; highly based on personal experiences
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Size & shape constancy
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Even though something moves or is at a different angle, brain realizes it's the same object
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Gestalt principles
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People have a natural tendency to force patterns onto whatever they see. (brain fills in missing data)
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Figure ground
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Identifies figure/focus & background
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Proximity
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We see things that are close together as being in a group/belonging together
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Similarity
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If they look the same, they must belong together.
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Closure
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We see things as complete when they're not
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Continuity
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If it looks like a continual thing, it must be 1 thing
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Contiguity
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2 events that happen close together in time and/or space are associated (ex. thunder & lightning)
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Facial recognition
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Eyes & mouth play a dominant role; survival technique
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Binocular
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Depth cues that involve comparing the left and right eye images (retinal disparity)
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Monocular
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Depth cues that appear in the image in either the left or right eye
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Retinal disparity
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Images from the 2 eyes differ; both eyes send info. to certain sides of brain to form a complete picture
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Linear perspective
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Parallel lines converging seen as distance
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Relative size
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Objects are same size despite distance
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Interposition
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Things that block something are closer
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Arial perspective
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Things closer look sharper, far away are fuzzier
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Texture gradient
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Things closer look sharp, far away look smooth/blurry
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Motion parallax
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When moving in 1 direction, we see what we're looking at going in the opposite direction (ex. driving)
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Learning
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Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
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Ivan Pavlov
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Russian physiologist that discovered classical conditioning
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Classical conditioning
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Reflexes, stimuli, & responses; unconditioned (learned) & conditioned (learned) stimuli & responses; INVOLUNTARY
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Vicarious conditioning
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Learning a conditioned response by seeing it happen to someone else
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Operant conditioning
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Voluntary behavior learned through consequences
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Thorndike's Law of Effect
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Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated
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B.F. Skinner
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(operant conditioning) Studied observable, measurable behavior
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Reinforcement
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Any consequence that makes a response more likely to occur (goal: INCREASE a behavior)
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Primary reinforcer
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Meets a basic biological need or drive (food, water, shelter, sex, emotion)
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Secondary reinforcer
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Reinforcing via pairing with primary reinforcer (ex. money can be used to buy basic needs)
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Positive reinforcement
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Addition of pleasurable stimulus
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Negative reinforcement
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Removal, escape, or avoidance of aversive stimulus; taking something away from an environment to continue a behavior
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Punishment
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Any consequence that makes a response less likely (opposite of reinforcement)
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Application
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Addition of unpleasant stimulus
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Removal
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Removal of pleasurable stimulus
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Effective punishment
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Immediate, consistent, paired with reinforcement for correct behaviors
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Fixed ratio
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Same number of desired responses to get reward (set number)
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Variable ratio
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Number of responses required varies for each event
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Fixed interval
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Always same time before reinforcement opportunity
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Variable interval
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Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time
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Behavior modification
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Application of operant conditioning to effect change
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Cognitive learning theory
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Early days of learning - focus on behavior, 1950s & 60s - focus on mental events (cognition)
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Edward Tolman
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Early cognitive scientist; rats & latent learning
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Latent learning
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We're always learning/picking up information (brain stores it)
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Learned helplessness
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Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures
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Observational learning
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Learning new behavior by watching a model behave (copying someone)
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Albert Bandura
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Bobo Doll Experiment - we can learn a behavior just by seeing the behavior performed by others.
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Steps in observational learning
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Attention, memory, imitation, motivation
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Attention
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To learn through observation, must first attend to model
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Memory
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Learner must be able to retain what was observed
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Imitation
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Learner must be able to reproduce actions of model
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Motivation
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Learner must be motivated to reproduce observed behaviors
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Mirror neurons
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Explain why & how we learn through observational learning; same part of brain "lights up" when observing a behavior as the part that "lights up" when actually doing that behavior
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Memory
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System that senses, organizes, alters, stores, and retrieves information.
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Encoding
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Converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes.
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Storage
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"Holding on" to encoded information.
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Retrieval
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Pulling information from storage.
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Main process for sensory memory
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Pattern recognition.
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Short-term memory encoding
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Visual & auditory - visual sketchpad & phonological loop.
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Short-term memory capacity
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Magical number 7
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Chunking
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Putting information together into chunks to remember a greater amount of information.
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Short-term memory duration
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12-30 seconds
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Rehearsal (long-term information)
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Rote vs. elaborative - done so many times it is engrained.
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Procedural/implicit memory
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Memory of how to do something. Stored in multiple areas of the brain & very difficult to lose.
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Declarative/explicit memory
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Personal memories that aren't a procedure. More likely to be lost in trauma; not stored in as many places in the brain.
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Semantic network model
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Closely associated memories stored close together in a hierarchy for faster, more accurate recall of closely related concepts.
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Retrieval cues
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Context dependent & state dependent
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Context dependent (retrieval cue)
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Time, location, environment
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State dependent (retrieval cue)
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Internal state, emotions, physiology
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Godden & Baddeley's study
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Where we learn information influences our ability to recall it.
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State-dependent effect
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The tendency to recall information is better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when information was encoded.
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Tip-of-the-tongue
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One feels as though one knows information but can only generate bits and pieces - result of information not being stored where it was supposed to.
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Recall
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Pulling out information without any cues.
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Serial position effect
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When you learn information affects you ability to remember it.
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Primary effect
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Remember first thing that happened rather than everything after it.
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Recency effect
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Remember last/most recent thing seen better.
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False positive (recognition)
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Occurs when one thinks that one recognizes someone or something but in fact does not.
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Flashbulb memories
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Automatic encoding due to an unexpected, highly emotional event.
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Constructive processing
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Retrieval/content of memories altered by newer information.
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Hindsight bias
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false belief (due to constructive processes) that one could/should have predicted outcome of an event.
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Misinformation effect
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Misleading information presented after event can affect memory accuracy for event.
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False memory syndrome
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Creation of inaccurate or false memories via other's suggestions. (often while person is under hypnosis)
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Forget
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Failure to properly store information for future use.
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Encoding failure
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Failure to pay attention to and process information into short-term memory.
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Rehearsal failure
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Failure to effectively connect new information with prior knowledge due to poor elaboration.
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Memory trace
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Physical change in brain that occurs when a memory is formed.
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Decay
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Loss of information due to disuse.
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Proactive interference
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Information learned earlier interferes with information learned later.
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Retroactive interference
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Information learned later interferes with information learned earlier.
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Engram
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Physical change in brain when memory is formed.
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Hippocampus
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Area of brain responsible for formation of long-term memories.
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Anterograde amnesia
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Inability to form new memories.
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Retrograde amnesia
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Cannot recall events from the past.
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Consciousness
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Awareness of everything going on inside & outside of you.
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Waking
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Thoughts, feelings, sensations are clear.
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Altered state
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Shift in quality or pattern of mental activity.
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Circadian rhythm
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24 hour bodily rhythm.
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Hypothalamus
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Tiny section of brian that influences glandular system.
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Superchiasmatic nucleus
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Internal clock that tells people wake up/fall asleep & tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin for sleepiness.
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Microsleeps
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Sleep lasting only a few seconds.
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Sleep deprivation
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Sleep loss that impairs concentration and results in irritability.
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Beta waves
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(Pre-sleep) Person is wide awake and mentally active.
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Alpha waves
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(Pre-sleep) Person is relaxed or lightly sleeping.
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Stage 1 sleep (theta waves)
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Light sleep, hypnic jerk, hypnagogic images
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Stage 2 sleep
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Temperature, breathing, & heart rate decrease; sleep spindles.
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Stages 3 & 4 sleep (delta waves)
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Growth hormones released, hard to wake up.
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REM sleep (stage 5)
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Rapid eye movement - eyes moving under eyelids, 90% of dreaming, paradoxical sleep, infants form neural connections (50% of sleep)
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Sleep walking
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Moving or walking around during deep sleep.
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Night terrors
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Bad dreams causing a physiological response.
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Nightmare
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Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extremem sorrow, etc.
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Insomnia
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Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep.
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Sleep apnea
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Person stops breathing for half a minute or more.
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Narcolepsy
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Person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning. (Cataplexy - sudden loss of muscle tone)
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Cognition
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Mental activity for organizing, understanding, and communicating.
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Mental images
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Picture-like representations of objects and events
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Formal concepts
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Defined by specific rules or features.
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Natural concepts
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Form as a result of real world experience.
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Prototype
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Example of concept that closely matches defining characteristics (the best example of something).
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Problem solving
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Cognition used to reach a goal by thinking/behaving in certain ways.
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Trial & error
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One possible solution after another tried until successful
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Algorithms
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Specific steps for solving certain problems.
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Heuristics
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Guess based on experience ("rule of thumb")
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Artificial intelligence
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Creation of a machine that can think like a human.
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Functional fixedness
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Thinking about only most typical functions of objects.
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Mental set
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Persist using past problem-solving patterns.
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Confirmation bias
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Search for evidence that fits beliefs while ignoring evidence not fitting bias.
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Creativity
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Solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways.
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Convergent thinking
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All lines of problem solving lead to a single answer.
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Divergent thinking
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One point to may ideas or possibilities
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Language
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System for combining symbols to communicate and to represent mental activity.
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Grammar
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Rules for language use & structure
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Syntax
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Rules for combining words & phrases
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Morphemes
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Smallest units of meaning (words, sounds)
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Phonemes
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Basic units of sound
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Pragmatics
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Practical & social parts of conversation
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Human development
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Study of changes in people from conception until death.
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Longitudinal study
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Compare a certain group of people over a long period of time
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Cross-sectional study
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Compare different age groups in a smaller time frame
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Cross-sequential design
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Combination of longitudinal & cross-sectional studies
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Genetics
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Science of inherited traits
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DNA
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Molecule containing organism's genetic material
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Gene
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Section of DNA having same arrangement of chemical elements
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Fertilization
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Uniting of egg & sperm
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Conception
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Moment pregnancy begins
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Zygote
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Cell resulting from egg-sperm union
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Monozygotic twins
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(Identical) Infants will be same sex, have identical features, and possess same set of 46 chromosomes
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Dizygotic twins
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(Fraternal) No more genetically similar than regular siblings
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Germinal period of pregnancy
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(Implantation) 1st 2 weeks after fertilization during which the zygote moves to uterus
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Embryonic period of pregnancy
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3-5 weeks, cells differentiate themselves into what they're supposed to become (organs, etc.)
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Fetal period of pregnancy
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12-38 weeks, growth, identify sex 13-20 weeks
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5 reflexes for survival
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Stepping, grasping, moro-startle, sucking, rooting
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Motor milestones
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Raising head, rolling over, sitting up, crawling, walking
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Piaget's stage theory
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Organization based on schemas - specific information stored in specific places.
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Adaptation
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Assimilation & Accomodation
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Piaget stage 1
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Sensorimotor - birth-2 years - children explore using senses, object permanence
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Piaget stage 2
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Pre-operational - 2-7 years - egocentrism, conservation issues
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Piaget stage 3
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Concrete - 7-10 years - conservation understood, decentration & reversibility, classification, concerte logic
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Piaget stage 4
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Formal - 12 years-adulthood - highly based on schooling, abstractions & analogues, hypothesis testing
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Vygotsky's zones
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The novice needs social interaction to improve their skills.
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Zone of proximal development
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Space between children being able to cognitively do something on their own (now) and being able to do something with help (in the future).
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Scaffolding
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Social interaction that helps children get past z.p.d.
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Temperament
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Behavioral characteristics established at birth (genetic)
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3 types of temperament
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Easy, difficult, slow to warm up
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Attachment
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Bond between infant and caregiver
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Attachment styles
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Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
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Erikson stage 1
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Birth-1 year - trust & mistrust, basic needs consistently or inconsistently met; predictability >trust
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Erikson stage 2
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1-3 years - toddler realized that they can direct their own behavior; direction>autonomy
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Erikson stage 3
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3-5 years - initiative vs. guilt, pre-schoolers challenged to control behavior; responsibility>initiative
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Erikson stage 4
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5-12 years - industry vs inferiority, school-aged children have more opportunities to learn; new skills>industry
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Gender
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Male/female behavior (feeling)
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Gender identity
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Perception of one's gender and behavior associated with that gender.
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Gender roles
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Culture's expectations for masculine & feminine
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Gender typing
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Acquiring gender role characteristics
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Gender identity
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Person's sense of being male or female
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Biological influences on gender
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Hormones & chromosomes
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Environmental influences on gender
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Parenting, surroundings, & culture
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Social learning theory
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Gender identity formed through reinforcement & modeling
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Gender schema theory
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Child develops male or female schema, then observes & behaves accordingly
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Adolescence
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Age 13 to early 20s
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Puberty
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Bodily changes & sexual development
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Social psychology
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Influence of real, imagines, or implied presence of others
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Social influence
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Effects of real or imagined others
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Conformity
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Changing behavior to match others'
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Groupthink
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More concern for group cohesion than assessing facts
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Compliance
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Doing something because you're asked to
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Foot-in-the-door
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Getting someone to agree to do a big favor by first asking them to do a small one.
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Obedience
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Doing something because something in authority (direct or implied) tells you to.
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Attitude
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Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward people, ideas, etc.
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3 components of attitude
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Affective (feel), cognitive (think), behavioral (do)
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Persuasion
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Attempt to change another's attitude via argument, explanation, etc.
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3 elements of persuasion
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Target audience, message, source
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Attribution
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Explaining behavior when there is no obvious cause
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Dispositional attribution
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Internal (something's wrong with you)
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Situational attribution
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External (situation contributed to behavior)
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Fundamental attribution error
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Overestimate another's internal characteristics and underestimate external influence of situation.
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Prejudice
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Negative thoughts and feeling about a particular group.
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Discrimination
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Treating others differently because of prejudice
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Scapegoating
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Blaming out-groups for what's happening to them.
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Interpersonal attraction
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Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person
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Factors of attraction
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Proximity, similarity, reciprocity
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Components of love
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Intimacy, passion, commitment
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Aggression
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Deliberate behavior intended to hurt or destroy another organism.
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Social roles
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Pattern of behavior expected of a person in particular social position
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Altruism
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Helping someone in need
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Bystander effect
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We tend to not offer help because with think someone else will do it.
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Personality
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Unique & stable ways people think, feel, and behave (set in childhood & does not change over time)
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Temperament
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Enduring characteristics each person is born with.
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Character
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Value judgments of morality & ethics
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Conscious (Freud)
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Contact with outside world
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Preconscious (Freud)
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Material just beneath surface of awareness
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Unconscious (Freud)
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Difficult to retrieve material; well below surface of awareness.
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Id
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Animalistic drives needed for survival
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Superego
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What's right & wrong (develops over time)
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Ego
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Balances id & superego
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Defense mechanisms
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Unconscious distortions of perceptions to reduce anxiety
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Denial
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Refuse to acknowledge threatening situation
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Repression
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Refuse to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event.
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Rationalization
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Invent acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior.
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Projection
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Unacceptable impulses seen as originating in someone else.
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Reaction formation
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Opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way one really feels.
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Displacement
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Redirect feelings from a threatening target to less threatening one.
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Regression
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Fall back on childlike response patterns when under stress.
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Identification
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Try to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.
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Compensation
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Make up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area.
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Sublimation
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Channel socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behavior.
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Personality development - oral
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1st year - mouth = erogenous zone, weaning is primary conflict.
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Personality development - anal
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1-3 years - ego develops, toilet training conflict, expulsive vs. retentive personalities
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Personality development - phallic
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3-6 years - superego develops, sexual feelings, Oedipus complex, identify with same-sex parent
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Personality development - latent
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6-puberty - sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills
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Personality development - genital
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Puberty - sexual feelings consciously expressed
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality and therapy based on it.
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Jung
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Personal & collective unconscious, archetypes
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Adler
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Inferiority and compensation, birth-order theory
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Horney
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Basic anxiety & neurotic personalities
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Erikson
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Social relationships across the lifespan
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Behaviorists - personality
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Set of learned responses or habits.
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Social cognitive theorists - personality
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Emphasize importance of other's behaviors & own expectations
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Humanists - personality
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Focus on traits that make people uniquely human (reaction against psychoanalysis)
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Self-actualizing tendency
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Striving to fulfill innate capabilities
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Self-concept
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Image of oneself; interactions with significant people
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Real self
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One's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
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Ideal self
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What one should or would like to be.
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Trait theories
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Describe characteristics for purpose of prediction
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Trait
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A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
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Allport & Cattell
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Listed 200 traits believed to be part of nervous system; narrowed number to 16-23
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Surface traits
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Outward actions of a person
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Source traits
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More basic traits forming core of personality
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Big 5 theory
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Open/closed, conscientious/undirected, extraverted/introverted, agreeable/disagreeable, neurotic/stable
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Projective tests
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Ambiguous visual stimuli - respond with whatever comes to mind
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Rorschach inkblot test
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10 ambiguous inkblots; predictive of mental illness
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Thematic Apperception Test
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20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations
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Psychopathology
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Study of abnormal thoughts feelings, and behaviors
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Abnormal behavior criteria
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Statistically rare, social norm deviance, subjective discomfort, inability to function, danger to self/others
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Biological model for abnormal behavior
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Behavior caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
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DSM-IV-TR
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Used to diagnose mental disorders; 5 axis
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Axis I
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Clinical disorders - disorders/conditions requiring clinical attention (can be cured)
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Axis II
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Personality & retardation - maladaptive personality trait and brain development issues (can't cure)
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Axis III
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General medical - Medical conditions that affect a mental disorder
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Axis IV
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Psychosocial & environmental - Social & environmental problems impacting treatment
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Axis V
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Global function - Level of functioning in daily living
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Anxiety disorders
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Main symptom excessive or unrealistic anxiety
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Free-floating anxiety
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Unrelated to any realistic, known source
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Phobia
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Irrational, persistent fear of object, situation, or social activity.
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Social phobia
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Fear of negative evaluation in social situations.
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Claustrophobia
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Fear of enclosed spaces.
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Acrophobia
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Fear of heights
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Agoraphobia
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Fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible.
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Panic disorder
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Frequent, disruptive panic attacks (panic attacks mimic heart attacks)
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Affect
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An emotional reaction
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