Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
limbic system
|
a group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior (amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus)
|
|
amygdala
|
brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the intial emotional response to sensory information (assesses dange or threat)
|
|
hippocampus
|
brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information (shape like seahorse) gateway to memory.. sends the memories to different places
|
|
cerebrum
|
the largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; divided into two hemispheres, it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes
|
|
corpus callosum
|
the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
|
|
cerebral cortex
|
collection of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum; it is largely responsible for higher mental functions
|
|
occipital lobes
|
at the lower back part of the brain.. visual cortex
|
|
parietal lobes
|
at the top of the brain contain the somatosensory cortex which receives info about pressure, pain, touch, and temp.
|
|
temporal lobes
|
at the sides of the brain they are involved with memory perception and emotion and have the auditory cortex
|
|
frontal lobes
|
contain motor cortex which ordersthe 600 muscles of the body that produced voluntary moement... helps with the ability to make plans, think creatively and take initiative
|
|
electrodes
|
used to produce and overall picutre of electrical activity in different areas of the brain
|
|
electroencephalogram (EEG)
|
a recording of neural activity detected by electrodes "it's like standing outside a baseball stadium"
|
|
Central Nervous System
|
portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
|
|
Spinal Cord
|
collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, brotected by a column of bones
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves
|
|
sensory nerves
|
carry messages from special receptors in the skin, muscles, and other internal and external organs
|
|
motor nerves
|
carry orders from the cnetral nervous system to muscles, glands, and internal organs (enabling us to move)
|
|
part of the peripheral: somatic nervous
|
connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles (sometimes called the skeletal nervous system)
|
|
part of the peripheral: autonomic nervous system
|
regulates the internal organs and glands (bloodvessels, glands), think nervousness like as in crush
|
|
part of autonomic: sympathetic nervous system
|
mobilizes body resources and increases output of energy during emotion and stress
|
|
part autonomic: parasympathetic nervous system
|
operates during relaxed states, conserves energy
|
|
neuron
|
a cell that conducts electrochecmical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell
|
|
glia
|
cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenace of synapses, and modify neuronal functioning
|
|
dendrites
|
neuron's branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body
|
|
cell body
|
part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire (transmit message to other neuron)
|
|
axon
|
neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons
|
|
myelin sheath
|
fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron
|
|
nerve
|
a bundle of nerve fibers (axons and sometimes dendrites) in the peripheral nervous system
|
|
neurogenesis
|
production of new neurons from immatur stem cells
|
|
stem cells
|
immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging envrionments, stem cells from early embryos can develop into any cell type
|
|
synapse
|
site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell
|
|
action potential
|
a brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and the outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulate; it serves to produce and electrical impulse
|
|
neurotransmitter
|
chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that laters the activity of a receiving neuron
|
|
serotonin
|
affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature, pain suppression, and mood
|
|
dopamine
|
affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion
|
|
acetylcholine
|
affects neurons involved in muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, and emotion
|
|
norepinephrine
|
affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and the slowing of intestinal activity during stress, and neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotion
|
|
GABA
|
function as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
|
|
glutamate
|
excitatory neurotransmitter
|
|
endorphins
|
chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates; they are involved in pain reducation, pleasure, and memory
|
|
hormones
|
chemical substances secreted by organs called glands affect the functioning of other organs
|
|
endocrine glands
|
internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream
|
|
melatonin
|
secreted by the pineal gland, helps to regulate daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep
|
|
adrenal hormones
|
hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are involved in emotion and stress
|
|
sex hormones
|
hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the development of male and femal sexual characteristis; they include androgens, estrogens, and progestrone
|
|
lesion method
|
involves damaging or removing section of brain in animals, then observing the effects
|
|
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
|
a method of stimulating brain cells, using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on a person's head; it can be used by researchers to temporarily inactivate neural ciructs and is also being used therapeutically
|
|
PET scan (positraon-emission tomography)
|
method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of a glucoselike substance containing a radioactive element
|
|
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
|
method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers... functional can tell what is active or quiet
|
|
localization of function
|
specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions
|
|
Brain stem
|
part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord consisteng of the medulla and the pons
|
|
pons
|
involved in sleeping, waking and dreaming (In brain stem)
|
|
medulla
|
responsible for bodily functions that aren't conciously willed (breathing and heart rate) in the brain stem
|
|
reticular activating system (RAS)
|
dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information (couldn't be alert w/o this)
|
|
cerebellum
|
brain structure that regulates movement and balance and ths is involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses (back part of brain)
|
|
cerebellum
|
brain structure that regulates movement and balance and ths is involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses (back part of brain)
|
|
pituitary gland
|
hangs down from the hypothalamus small endocrine gland at the base of the brain, which releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands
|
|
who created phrenology, and specialization of function?
|
Joseph Gall
|
|
thalamus
|
brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cotex...CENTER OF BRAIN..."traffic officer"
|
|
olfactory bulb
|
controls sense of smell (front of brain) near emotional center, cues smell
|
|
hypothalamus
|
under thalamus, survival of human and species, reproduction, hunger, emotion regulates body temperature... AUTONOMIC, under it pituitary
|
|
lateralization
|
each hemisphere has its own tasks
|
|
wernicke's area
|
in temporal lobe language comprehension
|
|
broca's area is where and what does it handle
|
frontal lobe, speech production
|
|
what part of the brain did the rod go thru phineas gage's head
|
prefrontal cortex (29% of human cortex)
|
|
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERE
|
right=intuitive & holistic
left=rational and analytic |