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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is developmental psychology?
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How and why people change (or not) over time.
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Types of research in Developmental psychology
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Correlations
Experiments |
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Correlation research
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Tests relationships (measuring as they occur in nature). Not manipulating. Correlation coefficient (-1.0 to 1.0)
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Positive Correlation
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Both items move in the same direction. Down or up.
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Negative Correlation
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Items move opposite directions.
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Experimental Research
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Tests cause and effect. 1 experimental group and one control group.
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Techniques to study changes over time
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Same people at different times throughout their life.
Or Cross Sectional Study. Different people of different ages at the same time. |
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Cross Sectional Study
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Studying different people at certain ages at the same time. Problems, everyone is different.
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Developmental Theories
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Stage Theory
Continuous Theory |
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Stage Theory
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Steps. Something has to fundamentally shift for change/growth to occur.
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Continuous Theory
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Gradual Growth
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Psychoanalytical Theories
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Erik Erickson
Stages-Challenging psychosocial crises. |
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Behaviorism Theory
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John Watson (Believed he could train ANYONE). Classical & Ope rant Conditioning.
Albert Bandura Social learning theory. Modeling/mimicking |
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Cognitive Theories
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John Piaget
Constructivist approach. Schemas. |
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Epigenetic Theories
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Conrad Wadington
Development, genes interacting w/environment. |
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Sociocultural Theories
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Lev Vygotsky
Emphasis on culture Zone proximal development (someone who is a master teaches new skill to novice. |
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Influences on development
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Ecological Systems Theory
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Ecological Systems Theory
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Uri Bronfenbrenner
Kids are products and producers of their interdependent environments. |
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EST-Individual
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Physical and genetic traits
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EST- Microsystem
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Directly Impacted
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EST- Mesosystems
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Interaction between and within microsystems
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Exosystems
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Indirectly impacts a child
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Macrosystem
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Culture, Values, and laws
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Chronosystems
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Something that happens early on in childhood that doesnt manifest until later in life.
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Nature
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Genes, inherited tendencies
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Genotype
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what the gene actually is
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Phenotype
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type of physical part of a gene
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xx
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Female
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XY
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Male
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Natural Selection
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Over millions of years and generations to see the effect of natural selection
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Nurture
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Experiences from womb to tomb. Prenatally to death
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How is N vs N studied
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Heritability
Twin Studies Adoption Studies |
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Heritability
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amount of variability due to genetics
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Twin studies
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Identical:Share same sack. One egg. Which splits. Same genes.
Twins: two different eggs. Diff genes Adoption Study: Not biological kids. Share 0 genetics. Environmental influences |
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Nature Argument
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John/Jane Case
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Nurture Argument
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Being raised in different environment
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N vs N Argument
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Both matter. environment needs genes, and genes need environment.
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How to N vs N interact?
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Epigenetics
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Epigenetics
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Above the geno. Tells what the genes should be. What is turned off or on.
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Prenatal Development
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men develop millions of sperm a day
Women only have a hundred or so. |
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Fertilization
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Usually in the fallopian tubes
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Germinal Period
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zygote(0-10/14 days)
Cell divisions (~100) Implants in uterus Totipotent stem cells |
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Stem cell types
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Totipotent
Pluripotent Multipotent |
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Totipotent
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can be any cell type and create a whole organism. can create a person.
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Pluripotent
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Can be any cell type but can not create a whole organism.
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Multipotent
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can be any cells within system. White or red blood cells. Ex. Adult cells to renew or replace tissues
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Embryonic Period
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Embryo (2wks-2 months)
Starts at implantation in uterus` |
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Amnion
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Surrounds the fetus amnion fluid
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Chorion
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Placenta
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Stuff that happens in embryonic stage
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Mom produces HCG, morning sickness.
Limbs start to form, buds All internal organs in place, not functional, except heart starts to beat Neurons forming, but not complete brain. 250000 a minute Sex Differentiation, amount of testosterone will affect gonands. ~1" long |
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Fetal Period
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fetus(2months-birth) (PD)
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Weeks 8-10
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Fetus becomes active
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Week 14
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Fetus completely formed, except brain)
Placenta starts functioning (thick blood sack. Blocks out harmful chemicals) |
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Week 16-18
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Ambiguous external genitals
Cartilage turns to bone |
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Week 20
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Eyes and ears working
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Week 22-24
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current cut off for survival chance. High risk for problems if born pre maturely. cognitively socially, mentally, and health wise.
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Week 26
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90% time spent sleeping
Starts engaging in reflex behavior. Prepatory reflex.Preparing for birth. Reflex smile |
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Week 28
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Starts adding fat
More brain functioning |
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week 35
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Will likely survive with out medical help. Lungs are developed enough to breath on own.
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Week 37-40
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Reaches full terms
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Weight Change
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4 lbs blood volume
2 lbs extra uterus 1.4 lbs of placenta 1.8 lbs of anionic fluid 1 lb of breast tissue 2.7 lbs of interstitial fluid 5-10 lbs of body fat 7-7.5 lbs of baby total of 25-30 lbs |
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Prenatal Environment Influences
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Teratogens
Pharmaceuticals Illegal Drugs Legal drugs Caffine Alcohol Tabacco Impact depends on when exposed |
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Bacterial and parasitic disease
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Toxoplasmosis changes brain. changes behavior. More risky behavior.
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Maternal Disease
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HIV
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Other maternal factors
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Exercise. Endorphins are good.
Nutrition Stress is not good Maternal age and previous births |
