Psychology 201 Ch. 7

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The nervous system's capacity to retain and retrieve skills and knowledge.

Front 2

Encoding Phase

Back 2

Occurs at time of learning, as information is transformed into a format that can be stored in memory.

Front 3

Storage Phase

Back 3

The retention of the encoded representation.

Front 4

Consolidation

Back 4

The neural process by which encoded information becomes stored in memory.

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Retrieval

Back 5

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed.

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Equipotentiality

Back 6

Memory is distributed throughout the brain rather than confined to any specific location.

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"Cells that fire together wire together"

Back 7

Memories are stored in multiple regions of the brain that are linked through memory circuits.

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Long-Term Potentiation

Back 8

Strengthening of synaptic connection, making the post-synaptic neurons more easily activated.

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NMDA Receptor

Back 9

Glutamate receptor that only opens if a nearby neuron fired at the same time

Front 10

Memory results from

Back 10

the strengthening synaptic connections among networks of neurons.

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HDAC

Back 11

a "brake pad" which has to be released for memory to occur.

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Medial Temporal Lobes

Back 12

The middles section of then temporal lobes, responsible for the formation of new memories.

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Reconsolidation

Back 13

Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval.

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Sensory Memory

Back 14

A temporary memory system closely tied to the sensory systems.

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Iconic Memory

Back 15

Visual sensory memory

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Echoic Memory

Back 16

Auditory Sensory memory.

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Short-Term Memory

Back 17

A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness.

Front 18

Working Memory

Back 18

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use.

You need to repeat something in your head to keep it in working memory, you have to work to remember it.

Front 19

Retrieval - Transformation - substitution

Back 19

Being told you will have 20 guest, then later told we will have 5 more guests, you must retrieve the original number, add 5 and then substitute the for the new amount.

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Memory Span

Back 20

Working memory can only hold generally 7 items of information + or - 2.

Front 21

Chunking

Back 21

Breaking down information into meaningful units, making it easier to remember.

Front 22

Long-Term Memory

Back 22

The relatively permanent storage of information.

Front 23

Serial Position Effect

Back 23

The idea that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation.

1.) The Primary Effect

2.) The Recency Effect

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The Primary Effect

Back 24

The better memory that people have for items at the beginning of the list.

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The Recency Effect

Back 25

The better memory that people have for the most recent items(end of the list).

Front 26

Mental Representations

Back 26

Stored by meaning

Front 27

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 27

Simply repeating the item over and over again.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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Encodes the information in more meaningful ways, such as thinking about the item conceptually.

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Levels of Processing Model

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1. Visual: What the word looks like

2. Acoustic: How the word Sounds.

3. Semantic: What the word means.

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Schemas

Back 30

Cognitive Structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information.

Ex. Grocery Store Schemas: shopping cart, abundant choices, and set prices.

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Networks of Associations

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An item's distinctive features are linked so as to identify the item.

Ex. Firetruck - Nodes: Red, vehicle, someone is in danger.

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Spreading Activation Models

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Activating one node increases the likelihood that associated nodes will become active.

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Retrieval Cue

Back 33

Anything that helps a person recall a memory.

Front 34

Encoding Specificity Principle

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The idea that any stimuli that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory for experience.

Front 35

Context-Dependent Memory

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When the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation.

Ex. Location, music, familiarity.

Front 36

State-Dependent Memory

Back 36

Memory can be enhanced when a person's internal states match during encoding and recall.

Front 37

Mnemonics

Back 37

Learning aids, or strategies that use retrieval cues to improve recall.

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Implicit Memory

Back 38

The system underlying unconscious memories.

Front 39

Explicit Memory

Back 39

The system underlying conscious memories.

Front 40

Declarative Memory

Back 40

Knowledge that we can declare.

1. Episodic Memory

2. Semantic Memory

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Episodic Memory

Back 41

Memory for one's personal past experiences.

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Semitic Memory

Back 42

Memory for knowledge about the world.

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Procedural Memory

Back 43

A type of memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits.

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Prospective Memory

Back 44

Remembering to do something in the future.

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Savings

Back 45

The difference between learning and relearning.

Front 46

The Seven Sins of Memory

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1. Transience

2. Blocking

3. Absentmindedness

4. Persistence

5. Misattribution

6. Bias

7. Suggestibility

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Transience

Back 47

Forgetting over Time.

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Proactive Interference

Back 48

Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

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Retroactive Interference

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Interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

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Blocking

Back 50

The temporary inability to remember something.

"The Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon"

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Absentmindedness

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The inattentive or shallow encoding of events.

Often because of failing to pay attention.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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A condition in which people lose past memory, such as memories for events, facts, or even personal information.

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Anterograde Amnesia

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A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories.

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Persistence

Back 54

Occurs when unwanted memories are remember in spite of the desire not to have them.

Ex. PTSD

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Memory Bias

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The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.

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Flashbulb Memories

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Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learn of surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event.

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Von Restorff Effect

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A distinctive event might simply be recalled more easily than a trivial event.

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Source Misattribution

Back 58

Occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstance involved with a memory.

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Source Amnesia

Back 59

A type od misattribution that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information.

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Childhood Amnesia

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The absence of early episodic memories.

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Cryptomnesia

Back 61

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source.

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Suggestibility

Back 62

The development of biased memories from misleading information.

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Repressed memories

Back 63

Memories people claim emerge after a long period of time.

Front 64

Method of Loci

Back 64

A memory strategy that uses locations to encode and recall information.