Psychology 201 Ch 6

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

A relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience.

Front 2

Three types of learning

Back 2

1. Nonassociative Learning

2. Associative Learning
3. Observational Learning

Front 3

Nonassociative Learning

Back 3

Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event. Simplest form of learning.

Ex. You hear a buzzing sound and tune it out

Front 4

Associative Learning

Back 4

The linking between two events that, in general, take place right after another.

Ex. Associate work with getting paid

Front 5

Observational Learning

Back 5

Acquiring or changing behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior.

Ex. Learn new steps to a new dance from someone on youtube.

Front 6

Conditioning

Back 6

A process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected.

Front 7

Two forms of Nonassociative Learning

Back 7

1. Habituation

2. Sensitization

Front 8

Habituation

Back 8

A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli.

We tend to notice new things round us. If something is neither rewarding nor harmful, habituation leads us to ignore it.

Front 9

Dishabituation

Back 9

The increase in a response because of a change in something familiar.

Front 10

Sensitization

Back 10

A increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimuli.

Most common: Painful or threatening stimuli

Ex. The smell of smoke alerts you to potential fire.

Front 11

A reduction in neurotransmitter release leads to...

Back 11

Habituation

Front 12

An increase in neurotransmitter release leads to...

Back 12

Sensitization

Front 13

Two types of Associative Learning

Back 13

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditionng

Front 14

Classical Conditioning

(Pavlovian Conditioning)

Back 14

A neural stimulus elicits a response because it has become associated with a stimulus that already produces that response.

i.e. You learn that one events predicts another.

The association between the events cannot be controlled

Front 15

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 15

Unrelated stimuli to desired unconditional response.
Ex. A bell

Front 16

Unconditional Response (UR)

Back 16

A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex.

Front 17

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

Back 17

A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning.

Front 18

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 18

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place.

Front 19

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 19

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned.

Front 20

Acquisition

Back 20

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Front 21

Contiiguity

Back 21

The bond between learned association and stimuli occur over time.

Front 22

Second- Order Conditioning

Back 22

A Conditioned Response can be learned even without he learner ever associating the Conditioned Stimuli with the original Unconditioned Stimuli.

Front 23

Extinction

Back 23

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 24

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 24

A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

Front 25

Stimulus Generalization

Back 25

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.

Front 26

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 26

A difference between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Ex. Two plants are very similar but one is poisonous, animals lear to distinguish the difference.

Front 27

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Back 27

After eating a poisonous food, you vomit and learn to avoid that food.

Front 28

Biological Preparedness

Back 28

Animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects.

Front 29

Rescoria-Wagner Model

Back 29

Emphasizes prediction error.

Front 30

Prediction Error

Back 30

The difference between the expected and actual outcomes.

Front 31

Positive Prediction Error

Back 31

The presence of something unexpected.

Front 32

Negative Prediction Error

Back 32

The absence of something expected.

Front 33

Blocking Effect

Back 33

1.) An animal will more easily associate an unconditioned stimulus with a novel stimulus that a familiar one.
2.) Once a conditioned stimulus is learned, it can prevent the acquisition of new conditioned stimulus.
Ex. Sound of Bell = food. Add a flashing light, bell already predicts food, so light doesn't have an effect because it is blocked by the animals attention to original stimulus.

Front 34

The less The Prediction error

Back 34

the less the dopamine activity.

Front 35

Phobia

Back 35

An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation.

Front 36

Fear conditioning

Back 36

Classically conditioning animal to fear neutral objects.

Front 37

Counterconditioning

Back 37

Classical conditioning that is used to remove phobias.

Front 38

Operant Conditioning

(Instrumental Conditioning)

Back 38

A Learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future.

The animal makes associations between events that it can control.

Front 39

Thorndike's Puzzel Box

Back 39

A puzzle box used to assess learning in animals by pulling a sting to open a door to get out of the box.

Front 40

Law of Effect

Back 40

Any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" is likely to occur again.

Any behavior that leads to an "annoying state of affairs" is less likely to occur again.

Front 41

Reinforcer

Back 41

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.

Front 42

Th Skinner Box

Back 42

A box with an animal inside that had one lever for food and one lever for water.

Front 43

Shaping

Back 43

Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.

Front 44

Successive Approximations

Back 44

The animal learns to discriminate which behavior is being reinforced

Front 45

Primary Reinforcers

Back 45

Reinforcers necessary for survival.
(Water, food)

Front 46

Secondary Reinforcers

Back 46

Events or object s that serve as a reinforcers but don'y satisfy biological needs.

Ex. Money

Money-> buys food -> fulfill hunger

Front 47

Positive Reinforcement

Back 47

The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated.

Front 48

Negative Reinforcement

Back 48

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated.

Front 49

Premack Principle

Back 49

A more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity.

Front 50

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 50

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs.

Front 51

Partial Reinforcement

Back 51

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittenly

Front 52

Fixed Interval Scedule

Back 52

Occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has passed.

"feed me behavior"

Front 53

Variable Interval Schedule

Back 53

Occurs when reinforcement is provided after the passage of time, but the time is not regular.

Ex. Getting texts from friends

Front 54

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Back 54

Occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been made.

Ex. Factory workers getting paid based on the number of objects they make.

Front 55

Variable Ratio Schedule

Back 55

Occurs when reinforcement is provided after an unpredicted number of response.

Ex. Gambling at a slot machine and occasionally winning after putting a certain amount of money into the machine.

Front 56

Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect

Back 56

The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement.

Front 57

Positive Punishment

Back 57

The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring.

Front 58

Negative Punishment

Back 58

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring.

Front 59

Behavior Modifications

Back 59

The use of Operant-Conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones.

Front 60

Cognitive Map

Back 60

A visual/spacial mental representation of an environment.

Front 61

Biological Constraints

Back 61

Animals have a hard time learning behaviors that run counter to their evolutionary adaptation.

Front 62

Latent Learning

Back 62

Learning that takes place without Reinforcement.

Ex. Observational learning

Front 63

Modeling

Back 63

The imitation of observed behavior.

Front 64

Vicarious Learning

Back 64

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action.

Front 65

Mirror Neurons

Back 65

Neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action.

Neural basis for empathy