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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories is called?
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(unconscious mind)
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Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds in order to tap the unconscious. This is called?
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free association
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Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and?
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social restraints (superego).
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The____ unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
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ID
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The ____ functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego.
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ego
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The _____ provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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superego
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Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called?
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erogenous zones.
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A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. A girl’s desire for her father is called the?
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Electra complex.
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Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of ____ _____fulfilling our potential.
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self-actualization
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Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's self-actualization tendencies. He said that ____ ____ ____ is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings.
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If the two descriptions were close the individual had a?
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positive self-concept.
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An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving constitutes his or her personality. This is known as?
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Traits
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What is a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits?
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Factor analysis
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Cattell used Factor analysis to develop a?
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16 Personality Factor (16PF) inventory
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Cattell found that large groups of traits could be reduced down to how many personality traits based on statistical correlations?
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16
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What are questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once?
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Personality inventories
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Expressive styles in speaking and gestures demonstrate?
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trait consistency
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In Reciprocal Influences what three factors are interlocking determinants of each other.
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behavior, cognition, and environment,
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Social-cognitive psychologists emphasize our sense of ____ ____, whether we control the environment or the environment controls us.
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personal control
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What refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate?
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External locus of control
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What refers to the perception that we can control our own fate?
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Internal locus of control
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When ____ ____ is deflated, we view ourselves and others critically.
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self-esteem
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Low ____ _____ reflects reality, our failure in meeting challenges, or surmounting difficulties.
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self-esteem
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People maintain their ____ ____ even with a low status by valuing things they achieve and comparing themselves to people with similar positions.
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self-esteem
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When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as what?
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Disordered.
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Mental health workers view psychological disorders as?
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Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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What may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts?
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Psychological disorders
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In the Biopsychosocial Perspective psychological influences include what?
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Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, and mood related perceptions and memories.
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Who insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind?
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Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
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When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using what to review the physical causes of these disorders?
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Medical models
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The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision, 2000), describes how may psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s?
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400
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The American Psychiatric Association rendered a what (DSM) to describe psychological disorders?
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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In Labeling Psychological Disorders Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may ____ individuals.
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stigmatize
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What may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy?
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Labels
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What labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes?
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“Insanity”
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Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety are called?
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Anxiety Disorders
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1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension.
2. Autonomic arousal. 3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. What disorder is this? |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. This is symtons of what disorder?
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Panic Disorder
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Anxiety is a component of both generalized and panic disorders. It occurs more in the ____ disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it.
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Panic Disorder
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What is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior?
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Phobia
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Phobia of open places is called?
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Agoraphobia
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Phobia of heights is called?
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Acrophobia
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Phobia of closed places is called what?
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Claustrophobia
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Phobia of blood is called what?
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Hemophobia
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Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress describes what disorder?
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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What disorder has Haunting memories, Nightmares, become Social withdrawal, Jumpy anxiety, and has sleep problems for four or more weeks?
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in what?
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Anxiety
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Learning theorists suggest that ____ ____ leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced.
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fear conditioning
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Investigators believe that ____ ____ are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
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fear responses
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What has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species.
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Natural Selection
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Twin studies suggest that our ____ may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.
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genes
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Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with ____ ____like the anterior cingulate cortex.
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brain circuits
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Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in what two principal forms?
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Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder |
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What occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions?
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Major depressive disorder
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Signs of Major depressive disorder include?
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Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness Loss of interest in family & friends Loss of interest in activities |
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What are the goals of DSM?
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Describe (400) disorders.
Determine how prevalent the disorder is. |
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Disorders outlined by ____ are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.
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DSM-IV
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Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals what?
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bipolar disorder.
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Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals what bipolar disorder. Depressive Symptoms of this include?
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Gloomy, Withdrawn, Inability to make decisions, Tired, and Slowness of thought
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Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals what bipolar disorder. Manic Symptoms included?
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Elation, Euphoria, Desire for action, Hyperactive, and Multiple ideas.
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The Biological Perspective of moods disorders states that Mood disorders run in?
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Families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
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What disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder? It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more.
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Dysthymic
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Bipolar Disorder must have the presence of Depression Symtons and what other symptoms?
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Manic
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A reduction of norepinephrine and ______ has been found in depression.
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serotonin
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Negative thoughts and negative ____ interact.
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Moods
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Negative stressful events.
Pessimistic explanatory style. Hopeless depressed state. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection. This describes what cycle? |
Depression vicious cycle.
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If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the?
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cancer
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What strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.
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Schizophrenia
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Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from _____, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
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Schizophrenia
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Disorganized and delusional thinking.
Disturbed perceptions. Inappropriate emotions and actions. This describes symptons of? |
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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The literal translation Schizophrenia is?
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“split mind.”
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This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.” This monologue illustrates what?
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Fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions.
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The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is?
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Suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.
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People are morelikley to commits sucide when they are in depression or coming out of depression?
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Coming out.
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Males or females are more likley to commit suicide in america?
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Males
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Whites or blacks or more likley to commit sucide?
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Whites
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A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath. This is known as?
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals. What kind of symptoms are these?
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(positive symptoms).
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Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals. What kind of symptons are these?
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(negative symptoms).
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A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there. This is called?
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(hallucinations).
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Hallucinations are ____ and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
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auditory
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A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all. This is called?
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(apathy).
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Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours this is called?
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(catatonia).
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What Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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Psychological states cause physical illness. ______is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being.
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Stress
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Reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress is called
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problem-focused coping.
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What is when we cannot change a stressful situation, and we respond by attending to our own emotional needs.
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Emotion-focused coping
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What is a field of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine. The field studies stress-related aspects of disease and asks the following questions:
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Health psychology
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People with an what (instead of pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more control over stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better moods, and have a stronger immune system.
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optimistic
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What states cause physical illness. Stress is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being.
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Psychological
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What is a misinterpretation of normal physical sensations as symptoms of disease.
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Hypochondriasis
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a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of ________and ______ from the inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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According to Selye, a stress response to any kind of
stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through what three phases. |
1 Alarm, 2. Restitance 3. Exhaustion
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What is a term used for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
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Type A
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What refers to easygoing, relaxed people
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Type B
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Many studies suggest that _____ can elevate mood and well-being because aerobic exercise raises energy, increases self-confidence, and lowers tension, depression, and anxiety.
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aerobic exercise
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Why are teen most likley to start smoking?
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Because all their friends smoke and it is socially rewarding. Smoking is also a result of genetic factors.
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In the 1900 the major causes of death were diease related, today they are?
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due to people’s behaviors (smoking, alcoholism, unprotected sex, insufficient exercise, drugs, and poor nutrition).
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What are Maslows levels of needs?
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Self-actualization, esteem needs, belonging needs, safety needs, physiological needs.
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In the The Person-Situation Controversy Traits are socially significant and influence our
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health, thinking, and performance
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When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human learns?
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helplessness.
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What perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.
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The social-cognitive perspective
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Persistence of unwanted _____ and urges to engage in senseless ______that cause distress.
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thoughts (obsessions), rituals (compulsions)
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Simply called “prejudgment,” a ______is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. This is often directed towards different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups.
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prejudice
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Components of Prejudice are?
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Beliefs (stereotypes)
Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) Predisposition to act (to discriminate) |
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One way we simplify our world is to categorize. We categorize people into groups by ____ them.
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stereotyping
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What Refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others.
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Social facilitation:
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What enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes.
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Group Polarization
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Aggression always involves?
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Intent to hurt
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An unselfish regard for the welfare of others is called?
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Altruism
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Why do actions affect attitudes? One explanation is that when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension. This is called?
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cognitive dissonance.
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In contrast to watching violence on TV, participating in violent video games involves what?
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Active Violent Role Playing
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What are questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.
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Personality inventories
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The what is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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What is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context.
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personality
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