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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
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Events in the environment (rewards and punishments) influence our behavior.
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COGNITIVE APPROACH
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How we process, store, and retrieve information influences our behavior.
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HUMANISTIC APPROACH
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Individual or self-directed choices influence our behavior.
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(NEURO-)BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
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Biological factors (genes) influence our behavior.
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PSYCHOANALYTICAL APPROACH
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Unconscious motivations influence our behavior.
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SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH
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Ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence our behavior.
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PSYCHOLOGY
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The scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research.
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THEORY
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A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study.
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HOMEOSTASIS
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The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state.
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INTROSPECTION
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A method of self-observation in which participants report on their thoughts and feelings.
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SAMPLE
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the small group of subjects, out of the total number of available of a target population, that a researcher studies
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SURVEY
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a research method in which info is obtained by asking many individuals a set of questions about their attitudes or behavior
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SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
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a belief, prediction, or expectation that operates to bring about its own fulfillment.
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PLACEBO
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A placebo is some sort of treatment, such as a drug or injection, that resembles medical therapy yet has no medical effects.
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CASE STUDY
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research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants
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GRASPING / GRASPING REFLEX
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The grasping reflex is an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand.
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ROOTING / ROOTING REFLEX
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...an infant's response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth.
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TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
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the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear. EX: "Where my apple?"
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MATURATION
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the internally programmed growth of a child
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SEPARATION ANXIETY
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distress that is sometimes experienced by infants when they are separated from their primary caregivers
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MENOPAUSE
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the biological event in which a woman's production of sex hormones is sharply reduced.
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HOSPICE
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A type of care for terminally ill patients; an organization that proves such care.
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SENILE DEMENTIA
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Decreases in mental abilities experienced by some people in old age.
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EMPTY NEST
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A mother's adjustment to her last child's departure from home.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus
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NEUTRAL STIMULUS
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A stimulus that does not initially elicit any par of the unconditioned response
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UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)
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an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training
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UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
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an organisms automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus
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CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
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a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
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The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
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REINFORCEMENT
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stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence.
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PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT
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stimulus that is naturally rewarding, like food or water.
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SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT
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stimulus that becomes rewarding through its link with the primary reinforcer, like money! $ )
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FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE
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a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained.
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VARIABLE-RATIO SCHEDULE
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a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
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FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE
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a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement.
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VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE
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a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement.
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SHAPING
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a technique in which the desired behavior is molded by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior, and then requiring every-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.
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RESPONSE CHAIN
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learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next.
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AVERSIVE CONTROL
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process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
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Negative Reinforcement
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increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
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ESCAPE CONDITIONING
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training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimuli
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COGNITIVE LEARNING
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form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation.
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COGNITIVE MAP
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a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events.
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LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
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condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the believe that the situation is uncontrollable.
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BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
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systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings.
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MODELING
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learning by imitation; copying others
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TOKEN ECONOMY
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condition in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards. EX: getting gold stars in elementary school in to trade in later for trinkets.
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SOCIAL LEARNING
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process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
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RESPONSE CHAINS / CHAINING
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learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next. EX: swimming
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IMPRINTING
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inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment
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ROLE TAKING
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Children's play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view
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PUBERTY
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sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible.
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IDENTITY CRISIS
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a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are
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CLIQUE
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a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group.
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FREUD's STAGES
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oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage.
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WILLIAM WUNDT (1832-1920)
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was a structuralist who developed the method of self observation called introspection.
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William James [1842-1910]
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American father of psychology, wrote the first psych text book (The Principles of Psychology) and was a functionalist (whatever that is.)
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Sigmund Freud [1856-1939]
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free association; anything unconscious/sexual; psychoanalyst; dream analysis
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ivan pavlov [1849-1936]
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behaviorist; trained dogs to salivate at sound of bell/tuning fork
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konrad lorenz [1903-1989]
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imprinting, animal learning
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elizabeth kubler-ross
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thantology, five stages of adjustment
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five stages of adjustment:
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denial, anger, bargaining, depression, accept.
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b.f.skinner
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operant conditioning, trained rats. reinforcement/ behaviorist
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abraham maslow
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did the "hierarchy of human needs" thingy.
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albert bandura
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social modeling in human motivation, thought, and action. did the BOBO doll experiment.
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carl rogers
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humanistic approach to psych...
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carl jung
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i have no clue. i think he studied freud or something...something to do with analytical...the book could do better.
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