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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prefrontal Cortex Damage |
IQ Loss of divergent thinking Failures in response inhibition Failures to switch out of a pattern - Wisconsin Card Mimicry of actions Utilization behaviour Changes in personality - Phineas Gage |
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Parietal Lobe General Damage |
Impairments in: Control of movement Guiding movements to a point in space Abstract concepts Directing attention Overall: in processing spacial information |
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Parietal Lobe Left Damage
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Agraphia Acalculia Right/Left Confusion Dyslexia Difficulty in drawing detail |
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Parietal Lobe Right Damage |
Difficulty in recognizing unfamiliar angles of objects Difficulty in drawing overall shape Contralateral Neglact |
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Contralateral Neglect is... |
Cannot comprehend a left half to objects Neglect everything to the left Test: Line and letter cancellation |
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Occipital Lobe Damage |
Blindsight Apperceptive Agnosia |
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What is Blindsight? |
The ability to locate an image/object but can't see it |
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Temporal Lobe - Superior Temporal Gyrus Damage |
Auditory Region - Deafness Wernickes Aphasia |
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Damage to Middle/Inferior Temporal Gyrus |
Achromatopsia Akinetopsia Ventral Simultagnosia Associative Agnosia |
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Which part of H.M's brain was removed? |
Medial temporal lobe |
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What type of amnesia did H.M have? |
Temporally graded retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia |
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Define retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
Retrograde: Prior to an event Anterograde: Inability to form new memories - After event |
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What is localisation of function? |
Localisation of function is the idea that specific behaviours are localised to specific parts of the brain |
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Define "Bottom Up" and "Top Down" theory |
Bottom up: Brain breaks down info and rebuilds it later Top down: What your mind expects to see is firstly identified and information is expected to match that |
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What are some monocular cues? |
Interposition Relative Size Linear Perspective Height In Plane Texture Gradient Light and Shadow |
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What is the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory? |
Different cones see different colours |
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What is one problem with the trichromatic theory? |
Colour-blindness occurs in pairs or You get colour after-effects |
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What is the opponent process theory |
Each cell is programmed to fire at one colour and have an "Opposite" that they switch off at Blue/Yellow Red/Green Black/White |
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What is Bitemporal hemianopia? What causes it? |
A loss of peripheral vision Optic chasm damage |
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What is Achromatopsia? What causes it? |
Absence of colour vision Damage to V4 |
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What is Akinetopsia? What causes it? |
Can not see motion Damage to V5 |
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What is Apperceptive Agnosia and what hypothesis is linked to it? |
Failure of object recognition due to a failure of visual perception Peppery Mask Hypothesis |
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What causes Dorsal Simultagnosia? What is it? |
Damage to the dorsal stream/parietal area Can recognise objects but not more than one at a time |
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What is Ventral Simultagnosia |
Can recognize objects but not more than one at a time but can see all objects in a scene |
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What is the route from eye to brain |
Eye -> LGN -> V1 |
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How many rods are there in your brain? How many cones are there in your brain? |
Around 120million Rods Around 7million Cones |
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Are Rods or Cones primarily active during the day? |
Cones. Rods are mainly active at nights |
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What is neural implementation? |
The way in which information enters the brain. 1. Sensory organs absorb energy 2. Energy is transduced into a neural signal 3. The neural signal is sent throughout the brain where further processing takes place |
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Name different parts of the eye |
Outer layer - Cornea Middle layer - Choroid, Retina Inner layer - Vitreous humour, iris, pupil, lens |
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What degree is most peoples blindspot? |
18 degrees to one side |
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What is the Compensatory Reaction Hypothesis? |
Where your body "Tilts" the other way in order to prepare for an influx of material eg. Insulin |
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Which drug did Siegal use on rats to test the Compensatory Reaction Hypothesis? |
Heroin |
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What is spontaneous recovery? |
After a period of extinction, CR may reoccur |
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What is the flooding theory? |
Flood participant with stimulus to cause response extinction |
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What is one example of a reflexive behaviour? |
Blinking if air is puffed on your eye |
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What is habituation? |
A decline in tendency to respond to stimuli that have became familiar due to repeated exposure |
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What was Little Albert scared of after the experiment |
White fluffy things |
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What did Peter Tripp (1959) experience after going 201 hours without sleep? |
Mild psychosis Hallucination Paranoia |
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What did Randy Gardener experience after going 264 hours without sleep? |
Very little change Mild impairments in social behaviour |
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What are the 3 sleeping tests? |
EEG - Electroencephalogram - Brain activity EOG - Electrooculogram - Eye movement EMG - Electromyogram - Muscle tone |
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Do we dream more in REM sleep or SWS? |
REM. 80% of people in REM remember dreaming compared to only 7% of people in slow wave sleep |
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___________ memory is increased by SWS and ___________ memory is increased by REM |
Declarative memory is increased by SWS and Procedural memory is increased by REM |
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In Wade et al's (2002) memory distortion test what event were participants doing in the photograph? |
A hot air balloon ride |
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When is the wake maintenance zone? |
7-9pm |
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How long is the bodyclock cycle? |
24.5 - 25 hours |
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What is semantic knowledge? |
General knowledge pertaining to the way the world works and general things that aren't formally memorized |
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What was Milner's skill task in 1965? |
Mirror drawing task |
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Why do we forget? (3 reasons) |
Trace decay - cessation of neural firing (STM) Weakening synapses (LTM) Forgetting due to interferance |
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What speeds were the cars said to have been going when participants were asked about smashed compared to when asked about hit? |
41mph: Smashed 34mph: Hit |
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What is the best form of rehearsal to encode ideas into LTM? |
Elaborative rehearsal |
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What is the method of Loci? |
Linking an idea or object to a common routine in order to retrace steps and discover the info again |
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What did Peterson & Peterson's study find? |
Preventing rehearsal produces rapid forgetting |
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What is chunking? |
Splitting information into groups so its easier to deal with |
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What does the Atkinson and Shiffren 1971 model show? |
The primacy and recency effects |
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What increases synaptic strengths? |
Increase in neurotransmitter release Increase in postsynaptic response Increase in synaptic connections between neurons |
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What percentage of synapses is increased in neurons by using an enriched environment |
15% |
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What is the cognitive memory hypothesis? |
Enrichment appears to aid in preventing age related cognitive decline |
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What are the three steps of memory? |
Encoding Storage Retrieval |
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Which test was Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) involved in? |
Syllable memory |
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What is the difference between an agonist and antagonist? |
Agonist - Increases effects Antagonist - Reduces effects |
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What is the human reward system useful for? |
Survival of the species |
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How many alpha motor neurons do we have? |
400,000 |
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What are some positive effects of schizophrenia? |
Delusions Hallucinations Disorganisation |
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What are some negative effects of schizophrenia? |
Poverty of speech and thought |
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What percentage of the population have Parkinsons disease? |
Around 1% |
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What are some of the neurotransmitters in the brain? |
Acetylcholine Dopamine Novadrenaline Glutamate Seratonin |
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What is a key chemical that can stop action potentials? |
Tetrodotoxin |
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How many neurons do we have? |
Approx 85b |
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What proportion of gay men owe their sexual orientation to their birth order? |
1/7 |
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What is the increased chance of being homosexual for each older brother you have? |
1/3 |
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What is the correlation for homosexuality between identical twins and other twins? |
0.57 for identical 0.2 for other twins |
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What strand of DNA is known to be able to turn genes on and off? |
Methylation |
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What percentage of males and females have had serious thoughts about suicide? |
Males: 8% Females: 17: |
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What is the ratio of attempted suicides for gay and straight males? |
Gay: 20% Straight: 4% |
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Which synthesis estrogen was given to pregnant women until 1971 that affected sexual orientation? |
Diethylstilbestrol |
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What chemical does stress in pregnancy reduce? |
Testosterone |
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Which muscle tenses when lying? |
Those under the chin |
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How long is a microexpression? |
Less than 1/2 a second |
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At birth infants can determine ________ (it,this) words from _________ (baby, table) words |
Function Content |
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What is the learning theory in terms of language? |
Language can't be learnt through reward and punishment and therefore must be innate |
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Poverty increases stress which in turn can increase what? |
Child abuse |
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After a year of foster care what percentage of children experienced health problems? |
27% |
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What is shaken baby syndrome? |
The injury or death of a baby due to violent or repeated shaking |
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Why does shaken baby syndrome occur? |
Brain bounces in skull -Can cause bruising / swelling |
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What percentage of child abuse deaths does shaken baby syndrome account for? |
Around 50% |
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What proportion of base jumpers die whilst base jumping? |
1/60 |
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What percentage of births should be C-Section? |
15% |
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What drug, produced at birth is known as the "Love drug"? |
Oxytocin |
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What does SIDS stand for? |
Sudden infant death syndrome |
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How many deaths does SIDS cause in the US? |
Around 0.5/1000 |
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How long after birth do ducklings imprint? |
Around 16hours |
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Which animal did Lorenze get to imprint to him 13-16hours after their hatching? |
Geese |
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How many words did Genie know by the age of 13? |
20 |
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How did Genie learn to express herself? |
Sign language |
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What percentage of our IQ do we get from our genes? |
40%-70% |
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What correlation is there for identical twins and homosexuality? |
0.57 |
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What is the chance of having schizophrenia in general? |
1% |
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What is the chance of having schizophrenia if your spouse is schizophrenic? |
2% |
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Nephew/Niece Schizophrenic? |
3% |
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Parent/Child Schizophrenic? |
10% |
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Monozygotic twins Schizophrenic? |
46% |
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Dizygotic twins Schizophrenic? |
14% |
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What is the critical period in humans?
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18-60 days |
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What is the critical period for Thalidomide to effect humans? |
Day 24-49 |
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What percentage of women drink while pregnant? |
10%
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Is the dorsal stream where or what focused? |
Where |
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Is the ventral stream where or what focused? |
What |
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What is the PR3 gene looking at |
Circadian rhythms |
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Implicit learning is learning based on... |
Information that you pick up on without realising |
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Explicit learning is... |
Conscious based learning |
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What do you use to think? |
Your brain |
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Occipital Lobe is the what system? |
Visual |
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The Temporal Lobe is the what system? |
Auditory |
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Frontal lobe damage may cause what? |
Change in personality |
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Damage to the prefrontal cortex may cause what? |
Damaged IQ and loss of divergent thinking |
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What is the primary use of the parietal lobe? |
Processing spacial information |
