Psychology 101-Chapter 6,7, And 9

Front 1

Encoding

Back 1

The initial process of recoding information in a form usable to memory.

Front 2

Retrieval

Back 2

Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful.

Front 3

Memory

Back 3

Process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.

Front 4

Three System Memory Theory

Back 4

Sensory, short-term, and long term memories.

Front 5

Sensory memory

Back 5

Initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.

Front 6

Short-term memory

Back 6

holds information for 15-25 seconds and stores it according to meaning rather than sensory stimulation.

Front 7

Long-term memory

Back 7

permanent basis, although may be difficult to retrieve.

Front 8

Iconic memory

Back 8

visual system. -1 sec.

Front 9

Echoic memory

Back 9

auditory information 2-3 sec.

Front 10

short term memory idea

Back 10

if we are to make sense of it and retain it then it goes to short term

Front 11

Chunk

Back 11

meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored in a unit in short term memory. EX: Phone number. 7 items.

Front 12

Rehearsal

Back 12

repitition of information that has entered short-term memory.

Front 13

ellaboritave rehearsal

Back 13

the information that is considered and organized in the same fashion.

Front 14

mnemomics

Back 14

organizational strategies. Ex: Vegetables for shopping list associate with salad.

Front 15

working memory

Back 15

set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.

Front 16

serial position effect

Back 16

the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears.

Front 17

primacy effect

Back 17

items presented early in a list are remembered best.

Front 18

declaritive memory

Back 18

memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like.

Front 19

procedural memory (nondeclaritive memory)

Back 19

memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball.

Front 20

two types of declaritive memory

Back 20

semantic and episodic memory

Front 21

semantic memory

Back 21

memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic.

Front 22

episodic memory

Back 22

memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context.

Front 23

semantic networks

Back 23

mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.

Front 24

spreading activation

Back 24

recalling one thing which leades to recalling something else.

Front 25

engram

Back 25

physical memory trace that corresponds to a memory.

Front 26

long-term potentiation

Back 26

certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being made.

Front 27

consolidation

Back 27

memories can be fix and stable in long-term memory.

Front 28

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Back 28

the inability to recall information that one realizes one knows-result of the difficulty of retrieving info. from long-term memory.

Front 29

retrieval cues

Back 29

stimulus that allows us to recall mroe easily information that is in long-term memory. PICTURE

Front 30

recall

Back 30

memory task in which specific info. must be retrieved. Fill in blank test.

Front 31

Recognition

Back 31

memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.

Front 32

levels of processing theory

Back 32

theory of memory that emphasized the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed.

Front 33

explicit memory

Back 33

intentional or conscious recollection of info.

Front 34

implicit memory

Back 34

people are not aware, but can affect subsequent behavior

Front 35

priming

Back 35

a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related info. even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept.

Front 36

Flashbulb memory

Back 36

memories centered on a specific, important, or surpising even that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event.

Front 37

source amnesia

Back 37

occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but canot recall where he or she encountered it before.

Front 38

constructive processes

Back 38

processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

Front 39

schemas

Back 39

organized bodies of info. stored in memory that bias teh way new infor. is interpreted, stored, and recalled.

Front 40

autobiographical memories

Back 40

our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives.

Front 41

decay

Back 41

loss of info. in memory through its nonuse.

Front 42

memory traces

Back 42

physical change in the brain that occurs when new material is learned.

Front 43

interference

Back 43

phenomenon by which info. in memory disrupts teh recall of the info.

Front 44

cue-dependent forgetting

Back 44

forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info. that is in memory.

Front 45

proactive interference

Back 45

interference in which info. learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material.

Front 46

retroactive interference

Back 46

interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of info. learned earlier because of later exposure to different material.

Front 47

alzheimer's diseasee

Back 47

an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems.

Front 48

amnesia

Back 48

memory loss that occurs without mental difficulties.

Front 49

retrograde amnesia

Back 49

amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event.

Front 50

anterograde amnesia

Back 50

amnesia in which memory is lost for evvents that follow an injury

Front 51

karsakoff's syndrome

Back 51

a disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact, but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story.