Psychology 101 (Chapter 6, 7, 8)

Front 1

Problem Solving Solutions:

Back 1

Trial and error- solutions are tried after another until one is successful

Algorithms- step by step procedure

Heuristic- an educated guess based on prior experience to solve a problem

Front 2

Processes of Memory:

Back 2

Encoding- converting information that is usable in brain storage

Storage- holding onto information

Retrieval- getting information that’s stored

Front 3

Operant Conditioning

Back 3

Neutral Operants: responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated

Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can be positive or negative.

Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.

Front 4

Schedules of Reinforcement

Back 4

Fixed Ratio

Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval

Variable Interval

Front 5

Vicarious Conditioning

Back 5

Learning through observing the rewarding or punishing consequences of other people’s behavior

Front 6

Extinction

Back 6

A Conditioned stimulus is presented alone without an unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response will be gone

Front 7

Explicit Knowledge

Back 7

Easy to communicate, store, and distribute. Found in books or on the web

Front 8

Procedural Knowledge

Back 8

Type of knowledge exercised in the performance of a task. “How you know how to do something.”

Front 9

Sensory Memory

Back 9

All information lost within a second or so

Front 10

Short Term Memory

Back 10

Unrehearsed information lost in 15 to 30 seconds

Front 11

Long-Term Memory

Back 11

Information retained indefinitely, can be difficult to retrieve

Front 12

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 12

Saying information over and over to remember

Front 13

Chunking

Back 13

Bits of information combined into meaningful chunks, held in short term memory

Front 14

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 14

Transferring information from Short term to long term by making information meaningful

Front 15

Types Long Term Memory:

Back 15

Explicit Memory (conscious)

Implicit Memory (unconscious)

Front 16

Retrieval Cues:

Back 16

Acoustic: remembering from what we heard

Visual: remembering from what we saw

Semantic: remembering from the meaning of something

Front 17

Context Dependent Memory

Back 17

Example: I lost my car keys and I will retrace my steps to find it

Front 18

Fluid Intelligence

Back 18

Largely innate analytical and abstract reasoning skills

Front 19

Crystallized Intelligence

Back 19

Refer to skills and knowledge as a result of what one has learned

Front 20

IQ:

Back 20

Intelligence quotient

Division of ones mental age by one’s chronological age