Psychology 101

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Psychology

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is the science that seeks to understand behavior and mental processes and to apply that understanding in the service of human welfare.

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Positive psychology

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a field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience. Study of things that go right.

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Biological Psychologists are also called ?

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Physiological psychologists

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Biological and/or Phsiological psychologists

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use high-tech scanning devices and other methods to study how biological processes in the brain and other organs affect, and are affected by, behavior and mental processes.

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Developmental Psychologists

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describe the changes in behavior and mental processes that occur from birth through old age and try to understand the causes and effects of those changes.

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Cognitive Psychologists also some liked to be called ?

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Experimental Psycologists

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Cognitive Psychologists

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study mental abilities such as sensation and perception, learning and memory, thinking, consciousness, intelligence, and creativity.

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Engineering Psychology also know as ?

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Human factors

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Engineering Psychology

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A field in which psychologists study human factors in the use of equipment and help designers create better versions of that equipment.

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Personality Psychology

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study similarities and differences among people.

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Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

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conduct research on the causes of mental disorders and offer services to help troubled people overcome those disorders.

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Community Psychologists

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work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social systems.

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Health Psychologists

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study the effects of behavior on health, as well as the effects that illness has on people's behavior and emotions.

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Educational Psychologists

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study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and how to apply their results to improving those methods.

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School Psychologists

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test IQs, diagonose students' academic problems, and set up programs to improve students' achievement.

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Social Psychologists

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study the ways that people think about themselves and others and how people influence one another.

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Industrial / Organizational Psychologists

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study leadership, stress, competition, pay scales, and other factors that affect the efficeincy, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and the organizations that employ them.

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Quantitative Psychologists

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develop and use statistical tools to analyze vast amounts of data colletcted by their colleagues in many other subfields. (analyze research data)

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Sport Psychologists

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use visualization and relazation training programs, for example, to help athletes reduce excessive anxiety, focus attention, and make other changes that let them perform at their best.

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Forensic Psychologists

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assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants' mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law.

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Environmental Psychologists

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study the effects of the environment on people's behavior and mental processes.

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1879 what happend for psychology ?

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the birth of modern psychology is usually given on this date.

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Besides the birth day of psychology what eles is significant about this day ?

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the year Whilhelm Wundt pronounced "voont" established the first formal psychology reasearch lab at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

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psychology can trace its roots back to what ?

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Philosophy and science.

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What was particularly important to the development of scientific psychology ?

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empiricism

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What was the argument that empiricism made ?

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what we know about the world comes to us through experience and observation, not through imagination or intuition.

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tabula rasa in latin is ?

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blank slate

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Gustav "Fechner" work was especially valuable why ?

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because he realized that one could study these mental processes by observing people's reactions to changes in sensory stimuli.

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Fechner's psychophysics is ?

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predictalbe,relationships between changes in the physical characteristics of stimuli and changes in our psychological experience of them.

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The focus on Wundt's work was ?

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consciousnes, the mental experiences created by these systems.

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Wundt developed a lab method to study the speed of what ?

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Decision making and other mental events.

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Wundt used a technique meaning "looking inward" which is ?

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introspection

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Was a student of Wundt and defined structuralism ?

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Edward "Titchener"

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Belived that analyzing consciousness through introspection was not as important as exploring the capacitites and limitations of mental processes such as lerning and memory.

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Hermann "Ebbinghaus"

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Was the memory dude ?

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Hermann "Ebbinghaus"

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Gestaltists said to do what ?

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study consciousness as a whole, not piece by piece.

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Freud invinted what ?

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Psychoanalysis from studying his patients as a doctor.

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Establised the first psychology research laboratory in the united states.

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G. Stanley Hall

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Functionalism

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focuses on the role of consciousness in guiding people's ability to make decisions, solve problems, and the like.

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William James is best know for ?

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Functionalism

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John B. Watson is best know for ?

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Behaviorism

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Watson argued what in an article "Psychology as the behaviorist views it." ?

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that psychologists should ignore mental events and base psychology only on what they can actually see in overt behavior and in responses to various stimuli.

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Skinner worked on what ?

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mapping out the details of how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior.

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What did Skinner call his mapping of rewards and punishment ?

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operant conditioning

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Behaviorial psychology dominated how many yrs ?

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from 1920's to 1960's about 40yrs.

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What two approaches are dead now from ch1 ?

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Structuralism and Functionalism

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Eclectic means ?

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psychologists blend assumptions and methods from two or more approaches in a effort to more fully understand behavior and mental processes.

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biological approach assumes ?

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that behavior and mental processes are largely shaped by biological processes.

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evolutionary approach assumes ?

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that the behavior of animals and humans today is also the result of evolution through natural sesction.

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psychodynamic approach

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a view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior.

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behavioral approach

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an approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments.

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Humanistic Psychology believe ?

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people are essentially good, that they are in control of themselves, and that they have an innate tendency to grow toward their highest potential.

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Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are seen for ?

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positive psychology

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Rogers a psychologist who had been trained in but later rejected ?

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the psychodynamic approach

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Maslow also shaped and promoted the ______ approach through his famous________ ?

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humanistic approach...........hierarchy-of-needs theory of motivation

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biological approach of psychology emphasizes ?

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activity of the nervous system, especially of the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics.

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evolutionary approach of psychology emphasizes ?

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the ways in which behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival.

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psychodynamic approach of psycology emphasizes ?

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internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmntal obstacles to their expression.

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behavioral approach of psychology emphasizes ?

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learning, especially each person's experience with rewards and punishments.

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define culture

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the accumulation of valuse, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, and the like for a group of people who share a common language and environment.

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cognitive approach of psychology emphasizes ?

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mechanisms through which people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information.

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humanistic approach of psychology emphasizes ?

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individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in guilding behavior and mental processes.

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Individualist cultures are such as those typical of ?

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North America and Western Europe, tend to value personal rather than group goals and achievement.

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Collectivist cultures are such as those typical of ?

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Japan, tend to think of themselves mainly as part of family or work groups.

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In 1879 Wundt established the first ?

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psychology center.

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Wundt developed what technique and what two main points did this technique consist of ?

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introspection........sensation and perception.

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Wundt had writien the first Psychology journal in what ?

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Biological Psychology

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structuralism has and is what over time ?

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died out

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Greek/ Roman ERA three main basis for Psychology

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Philosophy, Medicine, Law

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One bend on Philosophy is as in ch1 is ?

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Metaphysics

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The roots of natural sciences ?

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Solipsisms, Materialism, Natural Philosophy.

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Metaphysics is ?

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The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value.

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solipsisms is ?

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the theory that only the self exists, or can be proved to exist.

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Materialism is ?

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the theory in philosophy that physical matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought, feeling, mind, and will, can be explained in terms of matter and physcial phenomena.

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Empiricism is ?

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the view that experience, especially of the sences, is the only source of knowledge.

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Fechner a student of Wundt form ch 1

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psycophsicis how we produce and interact with the environment

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JND is

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Just notable difference

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James a resercher who had the first ?

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psychology lab in the United States for students.

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James had a theroy of ?

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Functionalism reason things exist.

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Functionalism is now and is ?

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A Dead topic

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G. Stanley Hall had the first ?

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working psychology lab (research)

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G. Stanley Hall was the first President of the ?

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APA American Pschology Association

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John B. Watson was the father of ?

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Behaviorism

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John B. Watson described behaviorism as ?

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that which can be observed

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John B. Watson was only interested in ?

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things that could be operationally defined

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Pavlov was intersted in __________who studied __________what ?

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classical conditionning.......gastric resonences of dogs

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BF Skinner was intersted in ? Which is _________ ?

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operant conditioning.......rewards and punishment

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Behaviolism dominated psychology for how many yrs ?

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40yrs

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The Cognitive revolutions is or is an example of currently the ?

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the most popular psychology

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List some of Freud's intersts and studies/reaserch from ch1 ?

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Psychoanalysis, Internal Theory, and Conflicts and Instincts.

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Freud is said to be the Grandfather of ?

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Behaviourism

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Ebbinghaus interests studied ?

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memory and forgetting

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Gestalt is ?

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seeing something imcomplete and your mind fills in the blanks. (Perception)

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Name the Gestaltist talked about in Ch1 ?

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Wertheimer, Kofka, and Kohler

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Kohler also is the same guy that what ?

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Makes Kohler sinks and faucets

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Systems Theory is ?

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how people get along with each other; systems dont like to change

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Biological Psychology from your notes is the study of ?

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Body and Behavior

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From notes a subfield of Biological Psychology is and subfields of those are what ?

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Neuropsychology
----Cogvitive Neuropsychology
----Clinical Neuropsychology

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From notes Evolutionary Psychology is ?

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how our bodies have changed over time.

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Humanism list things about it that come from notes ?

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Individual , looks at what goes right , people are basically good , uniqueness

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Transpersonal and Existential look at what ?

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psychical points of view

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The ABC's are ?

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A-affect__emotions/feelings
B-Behavior__observation/action
"Doing"
C-Cognition__Mental;
"Thinking"

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List from notes what clinical and counseling psychology have in common ?

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Mental health/ Quality of Life/ Counseling/ Therapy

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What is it that clinical psychology holds specifically different from counseling psychology ?

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Medical Model/ Sick person point of View/ Therapy

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What is it that counseling psychology holds specifically different from clinical psychology ?

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Social/ Developmental/ Well person point of View/ counseling

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Both clinical and counseling psychologist do what specifically

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Counsel and Give Therapy

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Industrial Organizational psychology or know as ?

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I/O......industrial and organizational

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Human Factors Psychology from notes is ? and what is a part of it ?

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Person/machine interfface studies and engineering

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School Psychologist from notes are/do what ?

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Counseling Psychology in K-12 Direct service providers.

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Educational Psychologitst from notes apply what to schools and do what ?

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I/0 applied to schools and traning teachers and guidence counselors

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Experimental Psychologist from notes list things about them ?

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Cognitive, mental processes, memory, Info processing

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Social Psychologist from notes list things about them ?

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"universal discipline", study of people and groups, team work, social behavior, and personality

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Developmental Psychologist from notes list the things about them?

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study changes in ABC's, Study patients across a lifetime