Psychology 1000: Test #1

Front 1

psychology

Back 1

the science of behavior and mental processes. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 6)

Front 2

What event is considered the founding of scientific psychology?

Back 2

Psychological science had its modern beginning with the first psychological laboratory, founded in 1879 by German philosopher and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt, and from the later work of other scholars from several disciplines and many countries.

Front 3

psychiatrist

Back 3

a person trained in the branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

Front 4

psychologists

Back 4

administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic research (often done by biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychologists), applied research (sometimes conducted by industrial/organizational psychologists) and clinical science and applications (the work of counseling psychologists and clinical psychologists.

Front 5

social worker

Back 5

look up

Front 6

counselor

Back 6

look up

Front 7

What are psychology's current perspectives?

Back 7

neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural

Front 8

neuroscience

Back 8

a current psychological perspective that focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

Front 9

evolutionary

Back 9

a current psychological perspective that focuses on how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.

Front 10

behavior genetics

Back 10

a current psychological perspective that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

Front 11

psychodynamic

Back 11

a current psychological perspective that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

Front 12

behavioral

Back 12

a current psychological perspective that focuses on how we learn observable responses.

Front 13

cognitive

Back 13

a current psychological perspective that focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Front 14

social-cultural

Back 14

a current psychological perspective that focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

Front 15

What are the three levels of psychological analysis?

Back 15

biological, psychological, and social. (biopsychosocial approach)

Front 16

biological influences on behavior or mental process

Back 16

*natural selection of adaptive traits
*genetic predispositions responding to environment
*brain mechanisms
*hormonal influences

Front 17

psychological influences on behavior or mental process

Back 17

*learned fears and other learned expectations
*emotional responses
*cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations

Front 18

social-cultural influences on behavior or mental process

Back 18

*presence of others
*cultural, societal, and family expectations
*peer and other group influences
*compelling models (such as in the media)

Front 19

mode

Back 19

measure of central tendency - the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 34)

Front 20

median

Back 20

measure of central tendency - the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 34)

Front 21

mean

Back 21

measure of central tendency - the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 34)

Front 22

dependent variable

Back 22

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 32)

Front 23

independent variable

Back 23

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 32)

Front 24

correlation

Back 24

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 25)

Front 25

correlation coefficient

Back 25

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1). The closer to either +1 or -1, the stronger the correlation. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 25)

Front 26

negative correlation

Back 26

two sets of scores relate inversely, one set going up as the other goes down. (toothbrushing and decay correlate negatively)

Front 27

positive correlation

Back 27

two sets of scores that tend to rise or fall together. (height and weight)

Front 28

case study

Back 28

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. Case studies can't be generalized. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 22)

Front 29

survey

Back 29

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 23)

Front 30

naturalistic observations

Back 30

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 24)

Front 31

random sample

Back 31

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 24)

Front 32

placebo effect

Back 32

placebo [Latin for "I shall please"] effect - experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 31)

Front 33

parts of the nervous system

Back 33

*Nervous System*
I I
*Peripheral* *Central*
I (brain/spinal cord)
I
*Autonomic* *Somatic*
(controls self-reg- (controls voluntary
ulated action of movements of the
internal organs & skeletal muscles)
glands)
I
I
*Sympathetic* *Parasympathetic*
(arousing) (calming)

Front 34

frontal lobes

Back 34

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)

Front 35

parietal [puh-RYE-uh-tuhl] lobes

Back 35

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)

Front 36

temporal lobes

Back 36

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)

Front 37

occipital [ahk-SIP-uh-tuhl] lobes

Back 37

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)

Front 38

consciousness

Back 38

our awareness of ourselves and our environment. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 86)

Front 39

dual processing

Back 39

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 87)

Front 40

cell body

Back 40

the cell's life support center

Front 41

dendrites

Back 41

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Front 42

axon

Back 42

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

Front 43

What is the "dual processing" being revealed by today's cognitive neuroscience?

Back 43

Cognitive neuroscientists and others studying the brain mechanisms underlying consciousness and cognition have discovered a two-track human mind, each with its own neural processing. This dual processing affects our perception, memory, and attitudes at an explicit, conscious level and at an implicit, unconscious level.

Front 44

What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?

Back 44

We cycle through five sleep stages in about 90 minutes. Leaving the alpha waves of the awake, relaxed stage, we descend into transitional Stage 1 sleep, often with the sensation of falling or floating. Stage 2 sleep (in which we spend the most time) follows about 20 minutes later, with its characteristic sleep spindles. Then follow Stages 3 & 4, together lasting about 30 minutes, with large, slow delta waves. Reversing course, we retrace our path, but with one difference: About an hour after falling asleep, we begin periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Most dreaming occurs in this fifth stage (also known as paradoxical sleep) of internal arousal but outward paralysis. During a normal night's sleep, periods of Stages 3 & 4 sleep shorten and REM sleep lengthens.

Front 45

REM sleep

Back 45

*rapid eye movement
*vivid dreams commonly occur
*paradoxical sleep - because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Front 46

stage 1 sleep

Back 46

*light sleep
*can be considered the transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep
*lasts 5-10 minutes
*the brain produces high amplitude theta waves (irregular brain waves)

Front 47

stage 2 sleep

Back 47

*brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity (sleep spindles)
*lasts approximately 20 minutes
*body temperature starts to decrease/heart rate begins to slow

Front 48

stage 3 sleep

Back 48

*start of deep, slow brain waves (delta waves)
*transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep

Front 49

stage 4 sleep

Back 49

*deepest sleep; slow delta waves
*lasts approx 30 minutes

Front 50

insomnia

Back 50

sleep disorder characterized by recurring wakefulness (chronic)

Front 51

narcolepsy

Back 51

sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable sleepiness or lapsing into REM sleep

Front 52

sleep apnea

Back 52

sleep disorder characterized by the stopping of breathing while asleep; gasping and loud snoring

Front 53

night terrors

Back 53

high arousal and the appearance of being terrified

Front 54

sleepwalking and sleeptalking

Back 54

considered sleep disorders; children are most prone to these disorders (along with night terrors)

Front 55

What are the 3 major categories of psychoactive drugs?

Back 55

depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens

Front 56

depressants

Back 56

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 114)

Front 57

examples of depressants

Back 57

*alcohol
*barbiturates (Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal)
*opiates (morphine and heroin)

Front 58

barbiturates

Back 58

a depressant (tranquilizer); drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement (Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal - sometimes prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety)

Front 59

opiates

Back 59

a depressant; opium and its derivatives; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety (opium, morphine, heroin) ; highly addictive

Front 60

stimulants

Back 60

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 117)

Front 61

examples of stimulants

Back 61

*caffeine
*nicotine
*amphetamines
*cocaine
*Ecstasy
*methamphetamine (speed)

Front 62

methamphetamine

Back 62

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 117)

Front 63

amphetamines

Back 63

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Front 64

hallucinogens

Back 64

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 121)

Front 65

examples of hallucinogens

Back 65

*LSD
*Ecstasy (MDMA)
*marijuana

Front 66

What is the difference between dependence and addiction?

Back 66

an addiction is a compulsive drug craving and use done despite of negative consequences; a dependence is a physical or psychological need

Front 67

gender roles

Back 67

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 164)

Front 68

gender identity

Back 68

our sense of being male or female; does not necessarily line up with our sex

Front 69

natural selection

Back 69

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (Myers Psychology 9e pp. 8, 143)

Front 70

biological influences of parents

Back 70

*personality (the environment shared by a family's children has virtually no discernible impact on their personalities)
*abilities
*interest

Front 71

environmental influences of parents

Back 71

* attitudes
*values
*manners
*faith
*politics

Front 72

schema

Back 72

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 180)

Front 73

critical period

Back 73

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 189)

Front 74

social clock

Back 74

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 217)

Front 75

temperament

Back 75

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 139)

Front 76

What are the benefits of infant touch and massage?

Back 76

brain development, weight gain

Front 77

What are infant reflexes?

Back 77

automatic responses ideally suited for infant survival (rooting, withdrawing limbs to escape pain, turning head from side to side in order to remove a cloth from face)

Front 78

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 78

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions and mental retardation (Myers Psychology 9e p. 175)

Front 79

What are the 4 parenting styles?

Back 79

*authoritarian
*permissive
*authoritative
*neglectful

Front 80

authoritarian parenting

Back 80

*high behavioral standards
*strict punishment of misbehavior
*little communication

Front 81

permissive parenting

Back 81

*high nurturance & communication
*little discipline, guidance, or control

Front 82

authoritative parenting

Back 82

*setting limits but listens
*flexible

Front 83

neglectful/uninvolved parenting

Back 83

*indifference
*unaware of what happens in child's life