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60 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual.
personality
A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling.
trait
A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
psychoanalysis
Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual.
psychodynamic theories
In psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts.
id
In psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id.
libido
In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control.
ego
In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards.
superego
Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety of threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.
defense mechanisms
In Freud's theory, the idea that sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures; the stages are oral, anal, phallic, (Oedipal), latency and genital.
psychosexual stages
In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic (Oedipal) stage, in which a child desires the parent of the other sex views the same-sex parent as a rival.
Oedipus complex
A psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother.
object-relations school
Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.
objective tests (inventories)
A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores' clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait, ability or attitude (factor).
factor analysis
The functional units of heredity; they are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins.
genes
Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are assumed to be innate.
temperaments
A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance on some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
heritability
An interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of individual differences in behavior and personality.
behavioral genetics
A major contemporary learning view of personality which holds that personality traits results from a person's learning history and his or her expectations, beliefs, perceptions of events, and other cognitions.
social-cognitive learning theory
In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.
reciprocal determinism
Unique aspects of a person's environment and experience that are not shared with family members.
nonshared environment
A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community.
culture
Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and withes are prized above duty and relations with others.
individualist cultures
Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes.
collectivist cultures
A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the activeness of human potential.
humanist psychology
To Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached.
unconditional positive regard
A philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence.
existentialism
Coming up with self-satisfying yet incorrect reasons for ones behavior.
rationalization
Engaging in behaviors that are the exact opposite of the id's real urges.
reaction formation
Defense mechanism that occurs when a threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness.
repression
Defense mechanism that occurs when a person's own unacceptable of threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else.
projection
Defense mechanism that occurs when people direct their emotions (especially anger) toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real objects of their feelings.
displacement
Defense mechanism that occurs when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development.
regression
Defense mechanism that occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening, such as mistreatment by a partner; that they have a problem, such as drinking too much; or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion, such as anger.
denial
What are the two competing instincts of the id?
the sexual instinct (fueled by the libido) and the death or aggressive instinct
the second system of personality to emerge; a referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society. Represents "reason and good sense."
ego
the last system of personality to develop, the voice of conscience, representing morality and parental authority. Judges the activities of the id, handing out good feelings of pride and satisfaction when you do something well and handing out miserable feelings of guild and shame when you break the rules; partly conscious but largely unconscious.
superego
Being stuck in a psychosexual stage is called?
fixation
psychosexual stage at age 1?
oral stage
psychosexual stage at age 2-3?
anal stage
psychosexual stage between ages 3-6, which Freud thought was the most important stage for the formation of the personality?
phallic (Oedipal) stage
psychosexual stage between ages 6-12.
latency stage
psychosexual stage at puberty.
genital stage
Along with the individual unconscious, Jung believed all humans share a collective unconscious containing universal memories, symbols, images and themes, which he called:
archetypes
the archetype that reflects the prehistoric fear of wild animals and represents the bestial, evil side of human nature:
shadow archetype
The first to identify introversion / extroversion as a basic dimension of personality.
Jung
false self / true self are aspects of which school?
object-relations school
How does the object-relations school view differ from Freud about the nature of male and female development?
In the object-relations view children of both sexes identify with the mother first.
What three scientific failings are psychodynamic theories guilty of?
1) violating the laws of falsifiability.
2) Generalizing from a small sample.
3) Basing theories of personality development on the retrospective accounts of adults.
name the "big 5"
1) Introversion vs. extroversion
2) Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
3) Agreeableness vs. antagonism
4) Conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness
5) Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
The heritability of personality traits, including the Big Five, is typically about?
.50
An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.
intelligence
The measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes.
psychometrics
A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores, clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait ability, or aptitude.
factor analysis
A general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents.
g factor
Who created the first widely used IQ test?
Alfred Binet
A burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities.
stereotype threat
A theory of intelligence that emphasizes information processing strategies, the ability to creatively transfer skills to new situations, and the practical application of intelligence.
triarchic theory of intelligence
The knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.
metacognition
three types of intelligence from triarchic theory
analytical, creative, and practical