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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Psychology
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The Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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Critical Thinking
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the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information.
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Psychics, Mediums, Palmistry, Psychometry, Psychokinesis, Astrology
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All examples of Pseudopsychologies- pop culture psychologies based off of no fact.
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Goals of Psychology
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Describe, Explain, Predict, and Change behavior and mental processes.
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Biopsychology/neuroscience
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Investigates the relationship between biology, behavior, and mental processes. includes how physical and chemical processes affect the brain
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Credited with the birth of psychology. Established the first laboratory in 1879 in Liepzig, Germany.
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Structuralism
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Edward Titchner, Wilhelm Wundt.
Established in Cornell university. Dealt with the "structure" of mental life, they believe "elements" of conscious experience combined to form the "compounds" of the mind. |
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Failures of Structuralism
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Introspective disagreement, could not be used to study nonhuman animals and children, or mental disorders. ((Very limited scope))
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Functionalism
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Instead of reporting on anger ((structuralism)), these people asked "Why do we get angry?"
Key Functionalist- William James. |
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Impacts on Functionalism
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Darwin. Darwin. Darwin.
"Natural Selection" |
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Functionalism's Impact
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Expanded the scope of psychology to include research on emotions, observable behaviors, and initiated psychological testing
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Psychoanalytic perspective
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Key man: Sigmund Freud
Believed most conflicts were of a sexual or aggressive nature. "Iceberg" principle. |
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Unconscious
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Psychoanalytic term, the part of our mind outside our awareness. Our driving force was considered hidden in here.
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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis
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A nonscientific approach
Emphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses |
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Neo-freudians
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Examples: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson
Psychologists who broke off from Psychoanalysis to try a less sexual approach to things. |
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John B. Watson
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Founded the school of Behaviorism.
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Behaviorism
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Emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior.
usually involving stimuli and responses. |
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B.F. Skinner
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Another Behaviorist. Convinced we could use it to shape human behavior.
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Humanist perspective
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Convinced that man was born good. Stressed free will and rejected psychoanalysis
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Carl Rogers
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Humanist.
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Abraham Maslow
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Humanist
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Cognitive Perspective
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emphasis on thought, perception & information processing.
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Modern Cognitive perspective
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study how we gather, encode, and store information.
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information processing
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says that we gather information from the environment and then process it in a series of stages.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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Focuses on natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes.
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Mary Calkins
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first woman president of the American Psychological Association.
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Kenneth Clark
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First african american president of the APA
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Neuron
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Cell of the nervous system that communicate electrochemical information throughout the brain.
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glial cells
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surround neurons, perform cleanup tasks, and insulate one neuron from another.
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Dendrites
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antennas of the neuron that receive electrochemical information
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Cell Body/Soma
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Accepts incoming neurotransmitters, then passes them on to the Axon
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Axon
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Carries information away from the cell body.
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Myelin Sheath
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coating around the axons of some neurons. helps insulate and speed neural impulses
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Action Potential/neural impulse
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Messages are passed along the axon in this form
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all-or-none law
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States that the action potential either fires completely or not at all
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Refractory period
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After firing, neurons enter this state where they cannot fire for a while
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Neural Impulse speed
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97% of the speed of light.
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nodes
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Points at which the myelin is very thin or absent
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Synapse
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The gap between neurons.
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemicals fired off from an axon's end to dendrites on another neuron.
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Serotonin
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Neurotransmitter, affects mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and impulsivity.
Associated with depression |
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Neurotransmitter
Associated with: Muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, REM, emotion. Suspected in Alzheimers. |
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Dopamine
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Neurotransmitter
Associated With: Movement, attention, memory, learning, and emotion. Excess DA associated with Schizophrenia too little with Parkinsons. |
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Norepinephrine (NE)
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Neurotransmitter
Associated with: Learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking from sleep, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress. Low levels results in depression, high levels results in agitated, manic states. |
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Epinephrine (adrenaline)
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Neurotransmitter
Associated with emotional arousal, memory storage, and of glucose |
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GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
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Neural inhibition in the central nervous system.
decreases anxiety. |
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Endorphins
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Neurotransmitter
Associated with: Mood, pain, memory, learning. |
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Endocrine System
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Uses hormones to carry it's messages. Much like the way neurons do.
Part of the nervous system. |
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Hypothalmus
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releases hormones that signal the pituitary.
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Gigantism
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Results from too much hormone growth
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Dwarfism
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Results from too little hormonal growth
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Central Nervous System
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Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Responsible for processing and organizing information |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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All of the nerves outside of the skull and spine. Carries messages between the central nervous system and the periphery of the body
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Reflexes
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Automatic behaviors of the spinal cord. responses to the incoming stimuli
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somatic nervous system
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Consists of all the nerves that connect to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles
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sensory neurons
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carry messages from the sensory organs to the CNS. Part of the somatic nervous system.
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Motor Neurons
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Carry messages out from the CNS
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Automatic Nervous System
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Responsible for involuntary tasks. Operates independently
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Readies the body for a "fight or flight" situation
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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calms the body and conserves energy- relaxation
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Brain Stem
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Carries the hindbrain, forebrain, and midbrain as well as regulating reflexive activities important to survival (breathing)
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hindbrain
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Contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
regulates automatic behaviors and survival responses |
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medulla
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Part of the hindbrain, Forms the brainstem.
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pons
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involved with respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming
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thalamus
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realys sensory messages to cortex
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corpus callosum
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connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
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cerebral cortex
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thin outer layer responsible for most complex behaviors and higher mental processes
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amygdala
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controls aggression and fear.
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Hypothalamus
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Responsible for regulating emotions and drives
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Midbrain
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helps coordinate movement patterns, sleep, and arousal
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Reticular Formation
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Helps screen incoming sensory information and controls arousal
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Phineas Gage
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Miner dude who lost a good chunk of his forebrain. Personality with that.
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Frontal Lobe
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Receives and coordinates messages from other lobes;
motor control, speech production, and higher functions. |
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Broca's Area
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Part of the frontal lobe, controls speech production.
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Temporal Lobe
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hearing, language, comprehension, memory, and some emotional control
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Parietal lobe
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receives information about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature.
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occipital lobe
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vision and visual perception
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natural selection
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occurs when one particular genetic trait gives a person a reproductive advantage over others.
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Stress
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nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it
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eustress
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beneficial stress
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distress
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stress related to chronic illness
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hassles
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little problems of daily living
"the straw that broke the camel's back" |
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HPA Axis
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Stress response team
consists of Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, and Adrenal cortex. |
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psychoneuroimmunology
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the study of physiological factors and their effect on infectious diseases.
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general adaptation syndrome
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three phases of the reaction.
alarm reaction, resistance phase, then exhaustion phase |
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type a personality
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on edge, time urgent, impatient, preoccupied
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type b personality
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laid back, calm, relaxed.
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