Psychological Therapies

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Psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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Biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system

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Eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique, Frued believed the patients’ free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

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Resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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Interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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Transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

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Client centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, and empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

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Active listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies coined by Rogers

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Behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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Counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors based on classical conditioning

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Exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear/avoid

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Systematic desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias

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Virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears

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Aversive conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

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Token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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Cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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Cognitive behavior therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

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Family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

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Meta-analysis

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs,; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

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Electroconvulsive therapy

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain

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Psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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Lobotomy

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a now rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotion or violent patients