• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/69

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

69 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
Libido
Freud originally used the term to refer to sexual energy and then broadened it to include the energy of all the life instincts.
Libido should be understood as a source of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it.
View of human nature
Life Instincts
These instincts serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race; they are oriented toward growth, development, and creativity.
Freud includes all pleasure acts in his concept of the life instincts; he sees the goal of much of life as gaining pleasure and avoiding pain.
View of human nature
Death Instincts
Accounts for aggressive drive. At time, people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others.
According to Freud, both sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do.
View of human nature
Id
The "spoiled child."
Roughly all the untamed drives or impulses that might be likened to the biological component.
Largely unconscious/out of our awareness.
Structure of personality
Ego
It is the "executive/traffic cop" that governs, controls, and regulates the personality.
Attempts to organize and mediate between the id and the reality of dangers posed by the id's impulses.
Actions of ego may or may not be conscious.
Structure of personality
Superego
The "moral perfectionist."
The internalized social component, largely rooted in what the person imagines to be the expectations of parental figures.
Usual more punitive than parents actually were.
Structure of personality
Pleasure principle
Aimed at reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure, the id is illogical, amoral, and driven to satisfy instinctual needs.
Structure of personality
Reality principle
The ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of actions for satisfying needs.
Structure of personality
Unconscious
Stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material. Most psychological functioning functioning exists in the out-of-awareness realm.

The aim of psychoanalytical therapy: to make the unconscious motives conscious!
Consciousness and the unconscious
Anxiety
The feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness. Functions: to warn of impending danger.
Develops out of a conflict between: Id, ego, and superego over control of available psychic energy.

There are THREE kinds of anxiety: Reality, Neurotic, and Moral.
Anxiety
Reality anxiety
The fear of danger from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.
One of the three types of anxiety
Neurotic anxiety
The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.
One of the three types of anxiety
Moral anxiety
The fear of one's own conscience. People with a well developed conscious tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code.
One of the three types of anxiety
Ego-defense mechanisms
Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed.
They have two characteristics in common:
(1) they either deny or distort reality, and
(2) they operate on an unconscious level.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Repression
Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Denial
"Closing one's eyes" to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Reaction formation
Actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Projection
Attributing to others one's own unacceptable desires and impulses.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Displacement
Directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Rationalization
Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Sublimation
Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Regression
Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Introjection
Taking in and "swallowing" the values and standards of others.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Identification
Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Compensation
Making perceived weaknesses of developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Psychosexual stages
Refers to the Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning wit infancy. He postulated that three earlier stages of development that often bring people to counseling when not appropriately resolved.

Stages: Oral stage, Anal stage, and Phallic stage.
Development of personality
Oral stage
Deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self-esteem.
Psychosexual stages
Anal stage
Deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to denial of one's own power as a person and the lack of sense of autonomy.
Psychosexual stages
Phallic stage
Deals with the inability to fully accept one one's sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or a woman.
Psychosexual stages
Psychosocial stages
Refer to Erikson's basic psychological and social tasks, which individuals need to master at intervals from infancy through old age.
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Crisis
Equivlent to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or regress.
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Classical psychoanalysis
Is grounded on id psychology, and it holds that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Contemporary psychoanalysis
Tends to be based on ego psychology, which does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the human life span.
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

First year of life
Freud: Oral stage

Erikson: Infancy (trust vs. mistrust)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

Ages 1-3
Freud: Anal stage

Erikson: Early childhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

Ages 3-6
Freud: Phallic stage

Erikson: Preschool age (initiative vs. guilt)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

Ages 6-12
Freud: Latency stage

Erikson: School age (industry vs. inferiority)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

Ages 12-18
Freud: Genital stage

Erikson: Adolescence (identity vs. role confusion)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

Ages 18-35
Freud: Genital stage continues

Erikson: Young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

Ages 35-60
Freud: Genital stage continues

Erikson: Middle age (generativity vs. stagnation)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:

Ages 60+
Freud: Genital stage continues

Erikson: Later life (integrity vs. despair)
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
"Blank-screen" approach
In classical psychoanalysis, analysts typically assume an anonymous stance.
Therapist's function and role
Transference relationship
Engaging in very little self-disclosure and maintaining a sense of neutrality, in which clients make projections onto.
The transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person's present environment.
Therapist's function and role
Free association
After some face-to-face sessions with the analyst, clients lie on a couch and try to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship.
Free association is one of the basic tools used to open the doors to unconscious wishes, fantasies, conflicts, and motivations.
This process of free association is known as the "fundamental rule."
Client's experience in therapy/Free association
Classic psychoanalysis
- Client in psychoanalysis experiences a unique relationship with analyst
- Client is free to express anything (free association)
- Analyst remains open, nonjudgmental, asking questions, and making interpretations
- Client is encouraged to loosen defenses and "regress"
- Therapeutic neutrality and anonymity are valued by analyst.
Client's experience in therapy
Transference
The client's unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the client's past. Involves unconscious repetition of the past in the present.
Relationship between therapist and client
Working-through
Consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood.
Relationship between therapist and client
Countertransference
Viewed as the phenomenon that occurs when there is inappropriate affect, when therapists respond in irrational ways, or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered.
Relationship between therapist and client
Maintaining the analytic framework
Refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as the analysts relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularity and consistency of meetings, starting and ending the sessions on time, clarity on fees, and basic boundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapist's values.

Consistent framework is in itself a therapeutic factor!
Maintaining the analytic framework
Interpretation
Consists of the analyst's pointing out, explaining, and even teaching the client the meanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, and the therapeutic relationship itself.
Interpretation
Dream analysis
An important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems.
Freud sees dreams as the "royal road to the unconscious."

Dreams have two levels of content:
(1) latent content and
(2) manifest content
Dream analysis
Latent content
Consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears.
Dream analysis
Manifest content
Because they are so painful, the unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up latent content are transformed into more acceptable manifest content, which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer.
Dream analysis
Dream work
The process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content.
Dream analysis
Resistance
A concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material.

It is the clients reluctance to bring to the surface of awareness unconscious material that has been repressed.
Analysis and interpretations of resistance
Analytical psychology
Jung's analytical psychology is an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.
His research emphasized the importance of psychological changes associated with midlife.
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
Individuation
The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality.
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
Collective unconscious
Jung referred to the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species. Many dreams contain messages from the deepest layer of the unconscious, which he described as the source of creativity.
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
Archetypes
Images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious.
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
Persona
Mask or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves (archetypes).
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
Animus and the anima
Represent both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are though to coexist in both sexes (archetypes).
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
Shadow
Has the deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful of all archetypes. It represents our dark side, the thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward (archetypes).
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
Ego psychology
Part of classical psychoanalysis with the emphasis placed on the vocabulary of id, ego, and superego, and on Anna Freud's identification of defense mechanisms.
Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
Object-relations theory
Encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychoanalytic theorist. Their emphasize is how our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves.
Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
Self-psychology
Grew out of the work of Heinz Kohut, emphasizing how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.
Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
Relational model
Based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist.
Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
Narcissistic personality
Characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitative attitude toward others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.
Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
Borderline personality disorder
People with BPD have moved into the separation process but have been thwarted by parental rejection of their individuation.
Summary of stages of development
Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)
This adaptation applies the principles of pschodynamic theory and therapy to treating selective disorders within a preestablished time limit of, generally, 10 to 25 sessions.
The trend toward brief, time-limited psychodynamic therapy