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69 Cards in this Set
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Libido
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Freud originally used the term to refer to sexual energy and then broadened it to include the energy of all the life instincts.
Libido should be understood as a source of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it. |
View of human nature
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Life Instincts
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These instincts serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race; they are oriented toward growth, development, and creativity.
Freud includes all pleasure acts in his concept of the life instincts; he sees the goal of much of life as gaining pleasure and avoiding pain. |
View of human nature
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Death Instincts
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Accounts for aggressive drive. At time, people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others.
According to Freud, both sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do. |
View of human nature
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Id
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The "spoiled child."
Roughly all the untamed drives or impulses that might be likened to the biological component. Largely unconscious/out of our awareness. |
Structure of personality
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Ego
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It is the "executive/traffic cop" that governs, controls, and regulates the personality.
Attempts to organize and mediate between the id and the reality of dangers posed by the id's impulses. Actions of ego may or may not be conscious. |
Structure of personality
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Superego
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The "moral perfectionist."
The internalized social component, largely rooted in what the person imagines to be the expectations of parental figures. Usual more punitive than parents actually were. |
Structure of personality
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Pleasure principle
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Aimed at reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure, the id is illogical, amoral, and driven to satisfy instinctual needs.
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Structure of personality
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Reality principle
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The ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of actions for satisfying needs.
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Structure of personality
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Unconscious
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Stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material. Most psychological functioning functioning exists in the out-of-awareness realm.
The aim of psychoanalytical therapy: to make the unconscious motives conscious! |
Consciousness and the unconscious
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Anxiety
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The feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness. Functions: to warn of impending danger.
Develops out of a conflict between: Id, ego, and superego over control of available psychic energy. There are THREE kinds of anxiety: Reality, Neurotic, and Moral. |
Anxiety
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Reality anxiety
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The fear of danger from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.
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One of the three types of anxiety
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Neurotic anxiety
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The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.
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One of the three types of anxiety
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Moral anxiety
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The fear of one's own conscience. People with a well developed conscious tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code.
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One of the three types of anxiety
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed.
They have two characteristics in common: (1) they either deny or distort reality, and (2) they operate on an unconscious level. |
Ego-defense mechanisms
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Repression
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Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Denial
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"Closing one's eyes" to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Reaction formation
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Actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Projection
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Attributing to others one's own unacceptable desires and impulses.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Displacement
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Directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Rationalization
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Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Sublimation
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Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Regression
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Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Introjection
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Taking in and "swallowing" the values and standards of others.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Identification
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Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Compensation
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Making perceived weaknesses of developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.
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Ego-defense mechanisms
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Psychosexual stages
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Refers to the Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning wit infancy. He postulated that three earlier stages of development that often bring people to counseling when not appropriately resolved.
Stages: Oral stage, Anal stage, and Phallic stage. |
Development of personality
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Oral stage
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Deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self-esteem.
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Psychosexual stages
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Anal stage
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Deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to denial of one's own power as a person and the lack of sense of autonomy.
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Psychosexual stages
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Phallic stage
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Deals with the inability to fully accept one one's sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or a woman.
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Psychosexual stages
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Psychosocial stages
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Refer to Erikson's basic psychological and social tasks, which individuals need to master at intervals from infancy through old age.
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Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Crisis
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Equivlent to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or regress.
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Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Classical psychoanalysis
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Is grounded on id psychology, and it holds that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).
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Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Contemporary psychoanalysis
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Tends to be based on ego psychology, which does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the human life span.
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Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
First year of life |
Freud: Oral stage
Erikson: Infancy (trust vs. mistrust) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
Ages 1-3 |
Freud: Anal stage
Erikson: Early childhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
Ages 3-6 |
Freud: Phallic stage
Erikson: Preschool age (initiative vs. guilt) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
Ages 6-12 |
Freud: Latency stage
Erikson: School age (industry vs. inferiority) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
Ages 12-18 |
Freud: Genital stage
Erikson: Adolescence (identity vs. role confusion) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
Ages 18-35 |
Freud: Genital stage continues
Erikson: Young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
Ages 35-60 |
Freud: Genital stage continues
Erikson: Middle age (generativity vs. stagnation) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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Freud's psychosexual stage vs. Erikson's psychosocial stage:
Ages 60+ |
Freud: Genital stage continues
Erikson: Later life (integrity vs. despair) |
Erikson's psychosocial perspective
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"Blank-screen" approach
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In classical psychoanalysis, analysts typically assume an anonymous stance.
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Therapist's function and role
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Transference relationship
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Engaging in very little self-disclosure and maintaining a sense of neutrality, in which clients make projections onto.
The transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person's present environment. |
Therapist's function and role
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Free association
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After some face-to-face sessions with the analyst, clients lie on a couch and try to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship.
Free association is one of the basic tools used to open the doors to unconscious wishes, fantasies, conflicts, and motivations. This process of free association is known as the "fundamental rule." |
Client's experience in therapy/Free association
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Classic psychoanalysis
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- Client in psychoanalysis experiences a unique relationship with analyst
- Client is free to express anything (free association) - Analyst remains open, nonjudgmental, asking questions, and making interpretations - Client is encouraged to loosen defenses and "regress" - Therapeutic neutrality and anonymity are valued by analyst. |
Client's experience in therapy
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Transference
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The client's unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the client's past. Involves unconscious repetition of the past in the present.
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Relationship between therapist and client
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Working-through
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Consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood.
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Relationship between therapist and client
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Countertransference
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Viewed as the phenomenon that occurs when there is inappropriate affect, when therapists respond in irrational ways, or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered.
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Relationship between therapist and client
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Maintaining the analytic framework
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Refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as the analysts relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularity and consistency of meetings, starting and ending the sessions on time, clarity on fees, and basic boundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapist's values.
Consistent framework is in itself a therapeutic factor! |
Maintaining the analytic framework
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Interpretation
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Consists of the analyst's pointing out, explaining, and even teaching the client the meanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, and the therapeutic relationship itself.
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Interpretation
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Dream analysis
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An important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems.
Freud sees dreams as the "royal road to the unconscious." Dreams have two levels of content: (1) latent content and (2) manifest content |
Dream analysis
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Latent content
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Consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears.
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Dream analysis
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Manifest content
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Because they are so painful, the unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up latent content are transformed into more acceptable manifest content, which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer.
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Dream analysis
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Dream work
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The process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content.
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Dream analysis
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Resistance
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A concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material.
It is the clients reluctance to bring to the surface of awareness unconscious material that has been repressed. |
Analysis and interpretations of resistance
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Analytical psychology
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Jung's analytical psychology is an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.
His research emphasized the importance of psychological changes associated with midlife. |
Jung's perspective on the development of personality
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Individuation
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The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality.
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Jung's perspective on the development of personality
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Collective unconscious
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Jung referred to the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species. Many dreams contain messages from the deepest layer of the unconscious, which he described as the source of creativity.
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Jung's perspective on the development of personality
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Archetypes
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Images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious.
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Jung's perspective on the development of personality
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Persona
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Mask or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves (archetypes).
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Jung's perspective on the development of personality
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Animus and the anima
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Represent both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are though to coexist in both sexes (archetypes).
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Jung's perspective on the development of personality
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Shadow
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Has the deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful of all archetypes. It represents our dark side, the thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward (archetypes).
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Jung's perspective on the development of personality
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Ego psychology
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Part of classical psychoanalysis with the emphasis placed on the vocabulary of id, ego, and superego, and on Anna Freud's identification of defense mechanisms.
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Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
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Object-relations theory
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Encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychoanalytic theorist. Their emphasize is how our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves.
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Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
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Self-psychology
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Grew out of the work of Heinz Kohut, emphasizing how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.
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Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
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Relational model
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Based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist.
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Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
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Narcissistic personality
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Characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitative attitude toward others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.
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Contemporary trends: object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis
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Borderline personality disorder
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People with BPD have moved into the separation process but have been thwarted by parental rejection of their individuation.
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Summary of stages of development
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Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)
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This adaptation applies the principles of pschodynamic theory and therapy to treating selective disorders within a preestablished time limit of, generally, 10 to 25 sessions.
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The trend toward brief, time-limited psychodynamic therapy
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