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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wernicke's Encephalopathy |
B1 vitamin depletion leading to neurological symptoms of opthalmoplegia, ataxia and confusion |
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Addison's disease |
Chronic Adrenal insufficiency leading to symptoms of fatigue, hypotension, fever, weight loss, nausea. Can cause hyperpigmentation of the skin and lead to coma |
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Binswanger's disease |
Also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy, in which small vessel vasculopathy due to chronic hypertension or old age causes vascular dementia |
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Senile chorea |
Gradual onset of a symmetrical, generalised chorea without with slow progression and no mental or emotional disturbance or family history. |
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Shy-Drager syndrome |
Multi-system atrophy. First presents with problems with movement, balance and autonomic regulation eg. blood pressure and bladder / bowel function |
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Normal pressure hydrocephalus |
Excess CSF within ventricles leading to gait disturbance, urinary incontinence and mental decline / dementia |
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Hemiballismus |
Rare movement disorder due to decreased activity of the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia. Causes flailing movements of the limbs |
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Creutzfeld-jakob disease |
Prion disease causing rapidly-progressing dementia with hallucinations and personality change accompanied by speech impairment, myoclonus and ataxia. |
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Supranuclear palsy |
Syndrome of impaired balance, bradykinesia, personality change and impaired up gaze. Leads to dementia, impaired speech and swallowing and urinary incontinence. |
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Wernicke's aphasia |
Receptive aphasia. Fluent, incomprehensible speech with poor insight. Also known as sensory aphasia. |
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Broca's aphasia |
Halting, fragmented speech with preserved comprehension. Also known as motor / expressive aphasia. |
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Primary insomnia |
Sleeplessness / perception of poor quality sleep not attributable to an underlying medical / psychiatric diagnosis |
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Secondary insomnia |
A symptom / side effect of a medical / psychiatric condition eg. anxiety, sleep apnoea, depression |
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Primary hypersomnia |
Idiopathic excessive sleep |
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Secondary hypersomnia |
Excessive sleep due to a medical or psychiatric condition |
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Psychophysiological insomnia |
Excessive worry about sleep causing insomnia |
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Paradoxical insomnia |
Perception of poor sleep despite normal underlying sleep function. |
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Parasomnia |
Sleep disorders including abnormal movements, behaviours, emotions, perceptions and dreams which occur during sleep. |
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somnambulism |
sleep walking |
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narcolepsy |
Excessive daytime sleepiness due to a chronic neurological disorder of the brain's sleep/ wake cycle |
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Cataplexy |
A sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full awareness, often triggered by emotions eg. crying, laughing etc |
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Sleep terrors |
Episodes of flailing, screaming and intense fear while still asleep |
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Adjustment insomnia |
Short-term insomnia in the setting of stressors |
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Neurosyphilis |
Ataxia, confusion, blindness, personality changes, depression, headache, incontinence, psychosis, numbness in the toes, feet or legs, muscle weakness, neck stiffness |
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Agrammatism
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Loss of grammar. Sometimes referred to as 'telegraphic speech' |
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Akataphasia
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Used by Kraeplin to describe thought disordered speech |
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Alogia |
A functional inability to speak |
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Asyndesis
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A loosening of thought association |
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Autism
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Used by Bleuler to describe the fantasy-directed thought he believed to be characteristic of schizophrenia |
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Bradylalia |
Slowed speech
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Circumstantiality |
The conversation meanders via unnecessary details towards the eventual goal, describing all circumstances regardless of relevance |
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Clang association
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Words are linked by sound (typically rhyming) or puns rather than syntax or meaning |
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Concrete thinking |
An inability to extrapolate beyond the literal |
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Condensation |
2 or more ideas are condensed into a new, incomprehensible idea |
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Confabulation |
Memories are unwittingly displaced in time / jumbled up with thoughts |
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Coprolalia |
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Derailment |
Theme of thought is regularly lost and replaced by something else |
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Desultory |
Stream of thought in which ideas, correctly expressed in terms of syntax and grammar, are out of context / juxtaposed inappropriately |
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Drivelling |
Components of thought are mixed up (faseln), losing all organisation (word salad) |
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dysphonia |
Impaired ability to vocalise |
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Echolalia |
Subject automatically repeats what someone else has just said |
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Echologia |
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Flight of ideas |
Pathologically high rate of change of thoughts, often associated with loosening of association / pressured speech |
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Fusion (Verschmelzung) |
Interweaving (fusion) of 2 differing streams or elements of thought |
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interpenetration
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separate themes of thought permeate each other, becoming reciprocally pervasive |
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Knight's move |
A reference to the chess piece that can change direction while moving. Similar to derailment |
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Logorrhoea |
Voluble, garrulous, fluent speech = pressure of speech
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Magical thinking
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the mental linking of unrelated thoughts / events eg. crossing fingers when playing the lottery, making a wish etc. A feature of certain obsessional syndromes |
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Malapropism |
The substation of a word by one which sounds similar but is different in meaning, often resulting in a ludicrous phrase / sentence |
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Metonym |
Imprecise expression eg. an approximation that resembles intended word / phrase
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Mutism
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Loss of speech in clear consciousness |
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Neologism
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Ommission |
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Overinclusion |
An inability to adequately circumscribe a topic of conversation / maintain meaningful boundaries |
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Palilalia |
Rapid automatic repetition of a word / phrase over and over again - a form of perseveration |
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Paralogia
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Verbal manifestationof positive formal thought disorder |
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Paragrammatism |
Term that overlaps with agrammatism / paraphasia |
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Paraphasia |
Incorrect substitution of a word with one that is related to it, usually in meaning or sound. The incorrect word may / may not exist |
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Perseveration |
Organic disorder (typically frontal lobe dysfunction) characterised by the repetition of a response beyond its initial relevance, probably through a failure to suppress it appropriately |
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Poverty of thought |
decreased rate and quantity of thought. Speech is interspersed with long gaps, particularly when formulating a response |
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Pressure of speech / thought
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Increased rate and quantity of thought. Speech is rapid and difficult to interrupt |
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Prolixity |
Embellished verbosity verging on flight of ideas |
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Psychomotor retardation |
Slowed mental processing, resulting in slowed speech and action |
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Schizophasia
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Words are jumbled up so that the overall speech is difficult / impossible to understand |
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Spoonerism |
Swapping the first letters of 2 words in a phrase |
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Stammer |
Involuntary pauses, repetition or prolongation of words |
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Stereotypy |
Subject makes frequent use of a particular but unnecessary word / phrase in their general speech. |
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Stock word |
One that is regularly used in a different manner to it's usual meaning |
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Substitution |
Main thought / idea is replaced by a subsidiary one |
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Tangentiality |
Persuing an incidental topic beyond its relevance to the overall theme of the conversation |
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Entgleiten |
Thought is suddenly and inexplicably 'shut off', otherwise known as thought blocking |
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Thought broadcasting |
The experience of being unable to contain your thoughts so that other's are aware and can participate in them
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Thought insertion
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The intrusion of thoughts from an external agency into one's experience |
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Thought withdrawal
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Verbigeration
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Extreme formal thought disorder in which words and phrases become fragmented an unintelligible |
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Vocal tic |
Paroxysmal outburst of non-purposeful sounds, words or phrases despite attempts to suppress them |
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Vorbeireden |
Talking 'past the point' as defined by Ganser. Subject gives incorrect answers which neveretheless suggest the question has been understood |
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Abulia |
Loss of volition / decisiveness |
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Alexithymia |
impaired ability to describe one's emotions |
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anhedonia |
impaired ability to enjoy activites that would normally be pleasurable |
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anosodiaphoria |
emotional indifference to disease
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Anxiety |
An unpleasant feeling of anticipatory tension |
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Apathy |
Loss of motivation
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Asthenic |
'inadequacy' = weak willed, hypochondriacal, prone to complaining as one of Schneider's 10 psychopathic personalities |
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Belle Indifference |
Dissociation of affect in which the subject appears indifferent to their malady
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Blunting / flattening of affect |
Degree of emotional expression is diminished. Sometimes used interchangeably with restricted affect |
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Cyclothymia
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Subject's mood cycles 'up and down' over a period of time. Swings are not as extreme as those in bipolar disorder |
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Delusional mood / atmosphere / intuition |
A pervasive and compelling sense of being on the verge of some personally significant (and usually sinister) knowledge or event, often relieved by onset of a delusion |
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Dysphoria
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Unpleasant mod |
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Elation / euphoria |
Abnormally hight |
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Euthymia
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Normal / neutral mood |
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Guarded
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Subject is reluctant to give information |
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Lability of mood
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Mood tends to fluctuate with unusual rapidity. |
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Emotional incontinence |
Extreme lability of mood with loss of emotional control |
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Moria |
fatuous affect, apathy and siliness combined with general indifference |
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Witzelsucht
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fatuous affect, apathy and siliness combined with general indifference |
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Perplexity
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A psychotic subject appears to have the vague / troubling experience that something is wrong with them |
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Verstimmung
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Ill humoured mood state ('moodiness'). |
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Automatism |
Action without intent. May be simple, complex, inappropriate or out of character. Subject lacks / partially lacks awareness of / recollection for the event |
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Clouding of consciousness |
Organic state characterised by an impaired ability to mobilise, focus and sustain one's attention
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Depersonalisation |
Subject experiences being somehow detached from themselves such that their thoughts, sensations, body awareness time perception etc seem in some way unreal. |
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Derealisation |
Subject experiences themselves as being somehow detached from reality, such that their environment (including other people) lacks a certain indefinable 'genuineness' or 'completeness'. |
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Oneiroid state |
dream, despite appearing awake and maintaining some awareness of their surroundings. Clinical presentation may be similar to delirium but the term is generally used in non-organic states / epilepsy |
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Stupor |
Markedly reduced physical / verbal reactivity to one's surroundings. May appear to be fully alert / have a reduced level of consciousness |
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Torpor |
Subject is drowsy with reduced awareness and falls asleep readily |
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Twilight state |
A prolonged oneiroid-like stat but usually with organic causation (typically epilepsy). Characterised by a clearly defined start and finish, variable duration and unpredictable (possibly violent) behaviour |
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Autochtonous delusions
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Otherwise known as primary delusions. Arises without any apparent cause and is therefore objectively incomprehensible. The subject does not experience him/ herself as a single whole person but as a composite of self and non-self
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Secondary delusions
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Delusions which are understandable given the subject's prior mental state / circumstances eg. delusions of grandeur in the setting of mania |
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Apophanous perception |
Otherwise known as a delusional perception = a correct perception is given (not necessarily straight away) a delusional and utterly incomprehensible meaning. A type of primary delusion
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Passivity phenomena |
Aspect of one's thoughts, images, emotions or volitions are attributed to an external agency |
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Delusional misinterpretation |
Subject attaches a delusional meaning to a correct perspect in the context of a pre-existing delusion / pathological mental state |
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Delusional memory |
The spontaneous 'recollection' of a false (and typically bizarre) experience which is believed by the subject to be true. If the recollected event actually occurred and was later ascribed a delusional meaning, this is a delusional percept / delusional misinterpretation |
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Partial delusion |
Rarely used term describing a weakening delusion as it resolves |
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Paranoia |
Subject believes the conversations / actions of others pertain to them |
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Querulent delusion |
Delusional belief that an authority is targeting the subject, resulting in frequent / aggressive complaints / law suits
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Hyper / hyperacusis |
Changes in sensitivity to sound |
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Macro (megalo-) / micropsia |
Visual changes with respect to size |
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Dyschromatopsia |
Colour distortion. Hallucinogens eg. LSD can make colours seem especially wild. Desaturation = suggestive of optic nerve disease |
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Completion illusion |
Incomplete / ambiguous percepts are interpreted incorrectly |
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Affect illusion |
Emotional state effects interpretation of percept |
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Pareidolia |
Vivid illusion heightened in intensity by focusing attention (eg. seeing a face in the clouds) |
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Pseudohallucination
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Similar to a hallucination in all respects except that of absolute belief in the authenticity of the apparent stimulus (eg. in terms of its spatial projection, 'solidity', vividness etc) |
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Eidetic image
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Perfect visual recollection (photographic memory) |
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Extracampine hallucination
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Perception of something outside the normal sensory range (eg. seeing things in another building or hearing voices from another city |
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Functional hallucination |
A normal percept triggers an hallucination in the same modality. Both are experienced together and the hallucination is not merely a distortion of the percept |
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Hypnogogic hallucination |
Occurs while GO-ing to sleep Typically pseudohallucinations |
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Hypnopompic hallucination |
Occurs while waking from sleep Typically pseudohallucinations |
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Reflex hallucination |
A synaesthetic phenomenon. A normal percept in one sensory modality triggers a hallucination in another eg. 'seeing' music as it is heard |
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Elementary / simple auditory hallucination |
Basic sounds and noises |
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Complex auditory hallucinations |
Phonemes, voices, music |
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Gedankenlautwerden |
Syndrome of hearing own thoughts spoken aloud synchronously |
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echo de la pense |
Syndrome of hearing own thoughts spoken aloud immediately after the thought |
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Running commentary |
Hallucination of voice commenting on person's actions |
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Palinacousis |
Auditory perseveration. Sbject may describe sounds and /or voices as 'echoing' for some time after the original stimulus has ended |
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Kinaesthetic hallucination |
Hallucination of body or limb movement / position |
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Superficial somatic hallucination |
Hallucination involving sensations of the skin |
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Haptic hallucination |
Hallucination of touch |
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Thermic hallucination |
Hallucination of temperature |
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Hygric hallucination |
Hallucination of liquid |
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Formication |
Hallucination of insects crawling on, in or beneath the skin |
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Ekbom's syndrome |
Delusional parasitosis |
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Deep somatic hallucinations |
Visceral hallucinations of sensations, such as pushing / pulling / twisting. May be painful |
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Coenestopathic states |
Qualitative change in the corporeality of a body part - subjective localised distortion of material characteristics |
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Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations |
May be prolonged and mood congruent. Suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy. |
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Lilliputian hallucination |
Hallucinations of miniature people and objects. Often associated with alcohol withdrawal |
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Autoscopic hallucinations |
Visual hallucination of oneself. Subject may believe that they have a doppelganger
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Negative autoscopic hallucinations |
Inability to perceive their own reflection in a mirror |
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Experiential hallucinations |
Visual hallucinations typically associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (thought to be vivid memories) |
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Phosphenes |
Brief flashes of light usually perceived in a darkened environment or upon closing the eyes. May be induced by movement of the eyeball or a sudden noise. Indicative of a problem somewhere along the visual pathway |
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Palinopsia |
Visual perseveration (secondary to an organic cause) |
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Teichopsia |
One of the temporary visual disturbances that sometimes precede a migraine. Characterised by shimmering zigzag lines in the peripheral visual field |
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Mannerism |
A 'normal' movement carried out unnecessarily frequently |
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Dyspraxia
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Impaired ability to execute a familiar task despite intact coordination, sensation and motor pathways
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Compulsive act
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Unnecessary action executed as a release of a rising inner tension |
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Pica
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Persistent eating of any non-nutritious substance. |
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Stereotypy
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Purposeless movement which is carried out with unnecessary frequency, usually to the extent that it becomes characteristic |
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Hyper / hyporeflexia |
Involuntary purposeful movement eg. exaggerated startle response in PTSD |
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Abasia |
Difficulty walking. |
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Astasia abasia
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Dissociative disorder of gait
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Amitendency
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Subject is caught between executing and resisting an action |
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Asterixis |
?Flapping of the extended hands seen in hepatic encephalopathy |
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Ataxia |
Impaired coordination of gait |
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Athetosis |
Slow writing movements of the trunk / limbs |
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Automatic obedience
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'Command automatism' = subject carries out another's instructions without apparent subjective appraisal
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Ballismus |
The limb is thrown violently away from the body - an extreme form of chorea. |
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Hemiballismus |
Both limbs on one side of the body are thrown violently away from the body - an extreme form of chorea |
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Blepharospasm |
Strong contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscles. Typically intermittent (triggered by strong emotion, particular eye movements or bright light. Can progress ot more or less continuous contraction |
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Bruxism
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Continuous gnashing / grinding of the teeth |
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Catalepsy |
Muscles are 'seized rigid' due to aberrant brain activity |
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Cataplexy |
An abrupt loss of muscle tone as a result of a sudden emotional change (as seen in narcolepsy), usually resulting in collapse |
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Catatonia |
A psychotic syndrome characterised by fixed / fluctuating extremes of activity = catatonic excitement, catatonic stupor |
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Chorea
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Irregular jerky movements of the trunk / limbs |
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Cog-wheeling
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A term associated with the characteristic Parkinsonian sign of lead-pipe rigidity with superimposed tremor
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Copropraxia
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Involuntary obscene gesticulation |
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Dyskinesia |
'Abnormal movement' of organic origin. |
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Dystonia
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Recurrent prolonged (typically a minute or so) muscle contraction, causing abnormal movements or postures. |
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Opisthotonous |
A form of dystonia where arched posture is due to spasm of the paraspinal musculature |
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Echopraxia |
Automatic mimicry |
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Essential tremor |
Familial or sporadic. Predominates in upper limbs but may progress to legs, head or neck. 4-8Hz |
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Forced grasping
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Individual repeatedly grasps and shakes the offered hand despite instructions to the contrary |
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rimacy
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Repeated baring of the teeth with erratic facial expressions |
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Intention tremor
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Worsens with purposeful movements (ie. action with intention. Causes include cerebellar disease |
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Lead-pipe rigidity |
A term associated with the hypertonicity of Parkinsonism |
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Mitmachen |
Form of automatic obedience in which the individual, despite being requested to resist, allows their body to be freely positioned. Upon release the body returns to the resting position |
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Mitgehen |
Extreme form of Mitmachen, in which even the slightest pressure initiates movement |
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Myoclonus
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Sudden contraction of a muscle of muscle group. Can occur in isolation or as part of a tonic-clonic seizure |
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Negativisim
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Motive-less resistance to movement |
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Nystagmus |
Oscillation of the eyeballs around a particular axi (usually vertical, resulting in a swinging lateral gaze which does not necessarily cross the midline) |
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Obstruction (blocking) |
Central disorder resulting in irregular hindrance of motor activity. Subject often reacts at the last moment |
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Oculo-gyric crisi |
A dystonic upward (with or without lateral) gaze of the eyes |
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Gegenhalten |
Otherwise known as Opposition. = attempts to move the subject result in an equal and opposite reaction, resulting in no net movement. Similar to negativism
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Omega sign |
Otherwise known as 'crow's foot' = characteristic furrowing of the brow (frowning) in depression
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Parkinsonism |
Triad of Bradykinesia (slowed initiation / execution / adaptation of movement), resting tremor and rigidity |
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Perseveration
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Persistence or repetition of a movement / verbal response beyond its relevance |
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Physiological tremor |
Normal tremor, but can be exaggerated by emotional states, drugs (eg. lithium / antidepressants) , hyperthyroidism and alcohol withdrawal. Predominantly upper limbs, 8-13Hz |
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Posturing |
Subject adopts bizarre / inappropriate postures for prolonged periods |
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Psychological pillow |
Subject holds their head a few inches above the floor / bed while resting on their back
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Resting tremor |
Present at rest when limb is relaxed and supported |
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Schnauzkampf |
Otherwise known as 'Snout spasm'. The rounded lips are thrust forward in a tubular manner. Sometimes seen in catatonic schizophrenia and Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
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Tardive dyskinesias
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A class of dyskinesias that tend to manifest late in neuroleptic therapy. Often disabling and may be irreversible. The actual movements are not necessarily any different from the more acute reactions |
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Titubation |
Tremor of the head (ie. neck muscles) |
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Torticollis
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Spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle resulting in a twisting of the neck |
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Trismus |
Spasm of the masticatory muscles (lock jaw) |
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Waxy flexibility |
Subject's body has a plastic tone and can be moved into nay position, which may then be held for a long time |
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Flexibilitas cera
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Another term for waxy flexibility
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Capgras
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Delusional misidentification of familiar people as imposters. Can involve objects eg. furniture. More common in women, usually associated with schizophrenia. Can occur in isolation in the elderly. |
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Intermetamorphosis
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The delusion that people can physically change into others / each other |
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Charles Bonnet
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Vivid episodic visual hallucinations (typically involving animals / people in scenes), usually occurring in the elderly in clear consciousness with preserved insight and intellect. Possibly organic - often associated with visual impairments |
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Cotard |
Delusions of extreme hypochondriasis / loss / nothingness (nihilism) eg. total poverty, rotting of internal organs, being dead. May occur in psychotic depression, more common in elderly |
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Couvade |
Non-specific symptoms in a man that mimic those of his pregnant partner, most commonly in her 3rd and 9th months (he does not believe himself pregnant) |
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Pseudocyesis |
Presence of pregnancy symptoms (and sometimes certain signs eg, amenorrhoea, abdominal distension, breast enlargement) in a non-pregnant woman who believes she is pregnant |
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Da Costa |
Somatisation disorder focussing on the cardiovascular system |
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de Cleramboult |
Belief that another person (usually of 'higher' status and therefore inaccessible) is in love with the subject. Also termed erotomania. Note that wanting a sexual relationship with the other person is not necessarily a feature of this illness |
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Dhat |
The attribution of anon-specific malaise to the passing of semen in the urine, believed to be caused by excessive sexual activity |
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Diogenes |
Senile self-neglect. Describes the elderly subject who, in the absence of any apparent mental disorder, lives in extreme squalor |
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Fregoli
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Delusional misidentification of strangers as familiar people. Opposite of Capgras |
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Ganser |
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Gerstmann
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Organic disorder due to dominant parietal lobe dysfunction, characterised by finger agnosia, left-right disorientation, dysgraphia and dyscalculia
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Gilles de la Tourette's
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Combined vocaland multiple motor tic disorder |
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Kluver-Bucy |
Organic disorder characterised by visual agnosia, placidity (loss of aggression / fear), hyperorality and hypersexuality |
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Koro |
Delusional disorder in Chinese culture characterised by the belief that 'inappropriate' sexual activity has caused a potentially fatal imbalance in the subject's physical energies along with a shrinking of the penis back into the abndomen. Not to be confused with Kuru |
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Munchausen
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Personality disorder characterised by the intentional production or feigning of symptoms. |
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Munchausen-by-proxy |
Intentional production or feigning of symptoms on another individual eg. a child
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Othello |
Morbid jealousy. Delusions of a partner's infidelity |
