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270 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F the mind is a great instrument of thinking?
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True
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Define Mental illness?
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some form of diagnosed mental behavior
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Define psychopathology?
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The study of disease of can also be an overall refcerence to the disease.
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Whar are the 4 D' to psychiatric Abnormalties/ abnormal behavior?
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1-Deviance: from socail norms
2-Distress: individual stress/ family 3-Dysfunction (behavior): negative 4-Danger:to themselves/ others |
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5 points of mental health!
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1-Absent of psychopatholgy
2-Adequate life satisfaction 3-Self acceptence 4- sense of mastery 5-ability to work/love/play |
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2 points of Mental illness
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1- inadequate adjustment
2- Maladptive behavior |
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T/F aa person xcan be diagnosed differently at age 65 than at 25 although symtoms are similar?
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True
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Define Schizophrenia? 3 points
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1-break with reality
2-psychosis= loss of contact with reality 3-becomes apparent by age 30 |
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2 positve symptoms of schizophrenia?
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1- halucinations
2- delusions |
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2 negative signs of schizophrenia?
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1-depression
2- disorganized speech |
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3 points of anxiety based disorders?
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1-panic attacks
2-phobia's 3-show in young adults |
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T/F personality disorders increase as people age?
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False- decrease
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T/F females experience more depression then males at an earlier on set?
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True
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T/F Males have more disorders related to drugs, alcohol, and agressive behavior
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True
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T/F the differences don't level off after mid-adulthood?
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False
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T/F cultural variations effect mood disorders
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True
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What did Martin Seligman say about learned helplessness? 2pts
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1- cause of events is internal- effecting self esteem
2- see more global problems then none helpless |
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Define "Just world" theory?
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Abused child takes blame to secure immature notion of a just world- to keep their world making sense
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Hall mark of depression and suicisde?
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Hopelessness
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Other symtoms of depression/suicide?
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Sadness/ lack of interest in life/ interactivity/ pessimism/ indescisive/ physical symtoms/ neurovegative symtoms
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define neurovegatative symtoms
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Loss of appetite/ sleeplessness/ fatigue
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Name 2 types/causes of depression?
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1- exogenous- reaction to external
2- endogenous- comes from within ( will usually see both elements) |
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T/F all people do depression the same?
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False
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What are 2 neurotransmitters associated with the biochemical Imbalnces of depression?
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Serotonin
Norepenephrine |
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serotonin works with___________?
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Mood
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Norepinenphrine works with__________?
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Motivation
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2 pts of depressive equilvalents?
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1- masks the depression
2-more prevalent in younger population |
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3 types of depressive equivalents?
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1-Brooding-dwell
2-Somaticizing-channeling psych- body 3-Agression- seen in low IQ and children |
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Define Anhedonia?
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loss of pleasure of life
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2 parts needed to diagnos depression
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Low mood/ anhedonia
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how do you treat for depression?
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Medications and pych therapy and rest
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T/F Medications treat the symtoms not the cause?
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True
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T/F females attemt sucide more often then males?
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True
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T/F Females are more succesful than males in accomplishing the suicide attempt?
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False
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T/F Native americans have the highest suicide rate?
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True
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T/F years ago people over 65 had higher rates then they do now
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True/ rates have been cutr in half
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T/F men outnumber females 4-1 in suicide completion
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True
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Name 3 elements in assessing suicide risk?
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1-intent
2-means 3- Plan |
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Define ORGANICITY in terms of brain disorders
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problem with the structur of the brain
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T/F people with mental illness never self medicate with alcohol and drugs?
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False
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T/F older people have much lower rates of substance abuse
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True
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2 parts of substance abuse?
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1- Emotional component
2- negative consequence |
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3 parts of substance dependency?
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1-has physical component
2-compulsive usage 3- has detox/ withdrawal syntoms |
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2 obstacles TO mental health
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1-Expensive
2-older generations have low awareness of mental health |
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2 reasons older generation has low awareness of mental
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1- unsure what mental illness is
2- seen as an inevitable part of aging |
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define gerontology?
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study of the aging process
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define geriatrics?
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branch of medicine that deals with the elderly and the aging process
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T/F late adulthood is the fastes growing population segment
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True
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Define senecence?
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Growing old/aging/experencing the body declining at a gradual rate
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define senility?
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something that is characterized or associated with growing old
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define SENILE DEMENTIA?
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progressive abnormally accelerated deteroation of the mental facilities and emotional stability
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6 factors of Longevity?
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1-social and family support2-medical tech.3-diet+nutrition4-personality charcteristics-sense of humor-ability to relax5 exercise6-genes
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Acronym AGING for genetic factors=
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A=attitude G= genetics
I= interests N= nutrition G=give up smoking |
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Why do males live shorter lives than females?
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-Exposed to harsh occupational stresses
-lifesyle=males abuse substances -m's more driven to suppress feel. -f's have estrogen= resists disease |
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Define Hayflick limit
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DNA & RNA stop producing in the body/ body can't convey message to create new cells limiting replication/ 115=point were cells can no longer replcate
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T/F The immune system losses it's effieciency to fight disease?
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True
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Why does the immune system lose it's effieciencyt while we age?
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The thymus gland shrinks and can't produce lymphocytes which become T-cells which attack disease and infections
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2 elements of hypochondriasis?
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1-consistent across lifespan
2- is a personality manifestation |
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T/F elderly gain ability to taste better?
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False
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T/F Sweets and salts decline more than bitter and sour?
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True
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T/F decrease in sensitivity during aging is a mixed blessing ? why/why not?
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True can't feel the accumulating injuries
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Define and 3 points of arthritus?
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- Immflamation of a joint
1-100 types of arthritus 2-can be painful/cause swelling 3-some types are sudden/ gradual |
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2 major forms of arthritus
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rheumetoid
osteo arthritus |
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What is the most common form of arthritus?
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Osteo arthritus
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3 pts on osteo arthritus
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1-40 million affected
2- effects specific area's of body 3-common in knees/hips/ wt bearing joints |
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What does rheumatoid arthritus effect?
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effects the connective tissue/ comes from scar tissue
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5 pts on rheumetoid arthritus?
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1-very generalized
2-slow to develope 3-hinders mobility 4- causes fatigue and fever-5 |
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What does cva mean?
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Cerebro Vascular Accident
stroke |
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CVA can cause 3 things...?
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1-paralysis
2-speech impediment 3-memory loss |
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what physiologically causes CVA?
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an interuption in the arterial blood flow to the brain that results ion death or loss in functioning
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T/F 80% of CVA victims are over 65 years old
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True
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What is the major cause of CVA?
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hypertension-narrowing arteries- anyerism- migrating clot
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Name the 2 areas of the brain that are effected by CVA?
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1-cerebral cortex
2-Limbic system |
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What comprises the Limbic part of the brain?
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1- amygdala
2-hippocampus 3-brain stem |
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If hippocampus is effected what can be lost?
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memory
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Amygdala is in charge of ...?
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fight or flight
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if CVA effect the brain stem what is effected?
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vital fuctions which are most important
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What is the worst part of the brain to be afeected by a CVA?
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the brain stem because it handles the vital functions
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What does TIA stand for?
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Transient Ischemic Attack
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What is a TIA?
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series of minor low grade strokes
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What does Contralateral Efffects of stroke mean?
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if person has stroke on lefts side of brain the right side of body will be effected
"Contralateralization" |
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Define selective attention?
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Focusing only on relavent info but has presence of distracting stimuli
ie. reading paper with the radio on |
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define divided attention?
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processing several relevant pieces of info simultaneoulsy
ie. driving/ ability to focus |
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Of selected and divided attention which one is affected the most as we age?
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Divided
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what % of weight does the brain lose as we age?
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5% weight
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What % of size does are brain lose as we age?
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15% size
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Why do we process info slower as we age?
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decreased number of brain cells
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At what age is there a major decline in brain changes?
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60
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What is the part of the brain effected first?
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cerbral cortex
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T/F primitive areas stay intact as we age?
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true
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T/F neurons cannot regenerate?
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true
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T/F drugs and alcohol have no effect of brain changes?
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false- they speed neuron death
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T/F Alzhiemers is a normal part of aging?
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false
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T/F Alzheimers is related to poor oxygen utilization in the brain?
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true
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Define dementia?
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a progressive brain disorder that is characterized by loss of memory and reasoning.
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define pseudodementia?
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false dementia related to major depression
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T/F 75% of those with dememntia Alzheimers are over 65 years old?
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true
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T/F dementia alzheimers is linked to genetics and shows up with age?
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True
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Define Alzheimers?
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cronic brain disorder characterized by memory loss, loss of reasoning, lossof voluntary and involuntary muscle control, ultimately ends in death
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T/F dementia effects 1 out 10 people over 65?
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true
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T/F Dimentia effects 1 out of 2 people after age 85?
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true
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T/F people over 80= 25% will have alzhiemers
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true
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T/F people over 85= 30% will have alzhiemers
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true
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T/F people are living longer thus creating more opportunity for disease to happen?
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true
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What are the 2 areas of the brain effected by alzhiemers?
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1-cerebral cortex
2-Limbic system |
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Alzhiemers tends to focus on the------?
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hippocampus=memory
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T/F alzhiemers can only be formally diagnosed after death?
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true
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During autopsy what 3 things show up?
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1-Neuro-fibrillary tangles
2-plaques 3-Amyloid bodies |
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What are neurofibrillary tangles?
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diseased neurons that get emeshed rapidly together
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What are plaques?
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brain areas that are in decal/ alzhiemers prduces more plaque tham any other disease
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what are Amyloid bodies?
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degenerated bodies in the brain
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T/F an alzheimers brain is smaller than normal?
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true
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_____% greater chance of getting alzheimers with family history
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15
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_____% greater chance of getting alzheimers with a parent having the disease?
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50
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Someone with Alzheimers has low levels of______________?
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Acetylcholine
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Acetylcholine is resposible for? and found in?
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memory/ hippocampus
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What is the enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine?
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Choline acetyltransferase
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T/F high levels of Choline Acetyltransferase are found in patients with alzhiemers.
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true
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4 other potential causes of Alzheimers?
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1-brain toxins-Al. + salt
2-viral infection 3-decreased blood and O2 to brain<30% 4-can't synthasize protiens |
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what is the main med for alz.?
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Aricept
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4 stages of Alzheimers?
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1-forgetfulness
2-confusion 3-Incontinence 4-death |
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2 pt on forgetfulness stage?
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1-memory loss
2- affected person is usually unaware |
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5 points of confusion stage?
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1-usally been diagnosed
2-shrt term memory is impaired 3-promblems communicating 4-depressed 5-PARANOID |
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4 pis of incontinence stage?
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1-family effected most
2-unable to care for hygene 3-longterm memry effected 4-loss of language skills |
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What is Erikson's stage of later adulthood?
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Integrity vs. despair
-people would reflect back on lifes and see how they did |
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T/F -Someone who is ego systonic(integrity) would appreciate their accomplishments- usually has wisdom
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true
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T/F -Someone who has ego-dystonic (despair) has problems solving life choices
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true
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what does ego systonic mean?
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acceptable to a person
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what does ego dystonic mean?
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unacceptable to a person- despair
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Anorexia is Ego-____________?
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systonic
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Bulemia is ego-______________?
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dystonic
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What is the crisis to be solved in tyhe integrity or depair stage of developement?
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wisdom
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4 pnts of stability & successful aging?
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1-socio-economic status
2-healthy self concept 3-self-esteem/satisfied with life 4-physical health and autonomy |
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T/F psychological maladjustment can be caused by th stress of aging?
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true
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define functional disorder?
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-are caused by a psychological not physiological
- no known organic cause -mood disorder |
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T/F functional disorders are caused by psych. factors as well as interpersonal factors
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true
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T/F A very disorganized personality can be seen as a fuctional disorder
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true
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elderly are suseptible to mood disorders because.....
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-Tend to have a lot of sadness and hopelessness usually because they have multiple loses, declining health, they lose purposefulness in life
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depression, bipolar, szchetzphrenia are...........?
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functional disorders
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T/F suicide rate is 50% higher in men over the age of 65 then it is for teens
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true
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T/F Depression peaks 40-50 years old
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true
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_____% of elderly folks in some type of care experience depression
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30-60%
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Out of the 30-60% of elderly that experience some depression, _____%=major depression
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10-15%
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Organic brain Syndromes 3 points?
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1-Usually refered to syndromes
2-There is a direct origon(Etiology) 3-5-10% of people 65-75 have organic disorder |
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T/F 20% ages 90-100 have organic disorder
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true
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dementia 3pts?
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1- not anormal part of aging
2- Fatal disease and progressive 3- irreversible= NO CURE*** |
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Delerium 6 pts?
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1--often confused with dimentia
2-is a reversable conditione*** 3-caused by the toxic side effects of medication 4- caused by malnutrition(caused by fixed income) 5- poor oxygenation in the brain 6- cardivascular disease causes por oxygenation of brain |
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Delerium 3pts?
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1-caused by infection
2- substance abuse 3- restless and agitated |
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Define Apoplexy?
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1- a severe impairment in neurological functioning
2- Related to a stroke 3- Also known as a fit of anger or rage |
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Define Multi-infarct Dementia/ vascular dementia? 5pts
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1-changes in the brains blood vessles that cause the death of brain tissues
2-confusion-dizziness- unsteadiness 3-can be confused with TIA’s 4-paralysis-memory loss-then coma 5- it is irreversable/ dygenerative |
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Define Pick's disease?5pts
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-Rare form of demtia
-effects women more then males -Disorganized 1-disoriented=person,place, time, situation, object 2- easily fatigued 3-caused by atrophy of the frontal lobe 4-Huge changes in personality 5-degenerative and irreversible |
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Define Ageism? 3 pts
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1- prejudism and discrimination based on peoples age
2-can play a major role in the care the lederly recieves at a SNF- robs elderly of making own decisions 3-generally a western phenomonon |
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Define Disengagement Theory? 4 pts
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1- older people slow down and gradually withdraw from society 2- self-imposed isolation 3- very reciprocal= person withdraws and society withdraws 4- people are seen as incapable
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Define Activity theory?
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the more active and involved they are the less likely they are to show the signs of aging and they will have life satisfaction=use it or lose it/ people who exercise their mind= the less likely to have alzhiemers
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What is sublimation(coping)
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use of a different method to stimulate the inner world ie. the teach can't teach but could tutor.
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Define Social Breakdown Theory?
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Aging is effected by negative social and psychological functioning/ older people get negative feed back from society, they’re made to feel less attractive and less competent
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T/F In terms of Social breakdown theory, at work the opposite is true?
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True-Older people are more reliable and better workers then younger people
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T/F People who support the Social Breakdown Theory want to see social systems changed to accomodate the elderly more
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True
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Who coined "Character armor?
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Wilhelm Reich
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2points on family situation during late adulthood?
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-CAN BE SOURCE OF GREAT SATISFACTION
- CAN ALSO BE ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN AND TURMOIL |
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2 reasons people rely on grandparents more?
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1-worker mobility
2- high divorce rate |
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During the 20th century what % number of grandchildren live with or in close proximity grandparents ?
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60%(in 1900); now it is 15%
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T/F Only 20% of peole need assisted living (activities of daily living)
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true
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define institutionalized care?
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anyone in a long relationship with care
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What % LIVE IN NURSING HOMES over age 65?
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5%
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Why are more females are in nursing homes than males?
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female’s longer life expectency
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3 types of Institutionalized care?
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1-skilled nursing facility
2-intermediate/residential commun. 3=Adult day care |
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Define Institutionalism?
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is a psychological state brought on by a depersonalized environment
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traits of institutionalism? 7pts
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1-behaviors become automatic
2-person becomes expressionless 3-generalized apathy 4-sense of pride/ hygene 5-low sense of moral 6-quality of life is poor 7-social relationships become cease |
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T/F elderly can feel alienated from society but it depends on kin relations
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True
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what % of middle adult are caught in sandwich generation?
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44$
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Define Kinkeeper?
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-person who maintains contact between generations/ maintains the cohesion between all family members
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T/F Caregivers tend to experience a lot of stress/ need to work hard to balance social interactions and keep people happy
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true
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What can the Model of Caregiving and Coping(comes from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)?
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Can give power to change thoughts so outcome can be changed= resources, social support, coping skills= having these things can reframe the situation
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3 elements of Model of caregiving?
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1-situation/event
2-Caregivers thoughts 3- consequences/ out come -can be positve or negative |
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Inthe Model of caregiving why are the Caregivers thoughts so important?
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Directly impacts the outcome/ reframing can change neg to positive outcome
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3 element of healthy elders?
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1-more contact with non-family friends
2-financial stability 3- reciprocal exchange in relationships |
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in healthy elders what does financial stability render
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creates opportunity to move to a retirement community; gives them options
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In healyhy elders what does non familial relations demonstrate?
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shows that people can adjust better/flexibility which is deemed very healthy
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in healthy elders what does reciprocal exchange mean?
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exchange favors/ srevices/ goods/ recipes; gives them social interaction
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T/F studies show people are married in late adulthood are happier because they nolonger have to put energy into finding a mate
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true
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Marriages in Late adult tend to be more satifying why?
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emptynest/ usually retired no longer have to worry about job stresses
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What are the Reasons for enhanced marriages?
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they better understand the partners likes/ dislikes/ knows each others tendencies and blend into one entity/ personal ambitions tend to be satisfied there fore the partners can devote more time to each other ie. compassion+ loving
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T/F esearch shows that are married are better off physically, psychologically, and financially then peopl who never got married, divorced, widowed
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True
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T/F 10x more widows then widowers(male)
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false 5x
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T/F women cope much better than males over a lose of a spouse because in a traditiuonal marriage most males have their emotional needs taken care by the wifes of and men are socialized not to show emotions
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True
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T/F widowers have a higher remarriage rate
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True
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T/F Remarriages tend to be unhappier because no children and more flexibility
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false
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T/F Need for affiliation is greater then need for achievement
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true
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Name 5 styles of grandparenting?
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1-Formal
2-Funseekers 3-Surrogate 4-Resevoir to family 5-Distant figure |
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Define Formal GP?
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boundaries/ roles are clearly outlined, Grandparents don’t indulge grandchildren/ may do minor babysitting upon convenience
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Define Funseekers GP?
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tend to be very informal, playful, grand children see grandparents as a source of pleasure and fun, problem is they have very poor authority
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Define surrogate GP?
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increasing in our society/ gp’s have primary role of raising grandchildren, can leave folks overburdened
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Define Resevoir to family GP?
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GP”s show alot of wisdom, tend to be authoritarian(rules and regulation), tend to have skills and resources, tend view children as being subordinate, GC’s have alot of anger towards GP’s
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Define distant figure GP?
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tend to be remote, infrequent contact around holidays
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Define social security?
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in 1935(depression) FDR for our nations wanted to find a basic way to provide income to people who are retired or disabled
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Define Medicare?
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is health ins. for people who are 65 years older/ person has to pay into it
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Define Medicade?
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Title 19= medical assistance based on the need for service, developed in 1966, paid by the government(SAGA= State assisted government aided)
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Define retirement?
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a formal end to working and a beginning of a new life
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Elements of retirement?
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-hav to redefine themselves
-normal transition -in 2000 about 33million people over the age of 65 are retired |
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2 types of retirement?
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Voluntary
Involuntary-the golden handshake |
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Why is retirement a very difficult adjustment?
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loss of commarderie and needfulness
-1st year is most difficult |
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T/F Gerontologists suggest that a gradual retirement works better then and abrupt transition
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true
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6 stages of retirement?
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1-pre-retirement
2-honeymoon phase 3- disenchantment 4- reorientation 5-stability 6-Termination |
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Define pre-retirement?
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-remote- when retirement is off in the distance-near- 1-2 years retirement will happen soon/ transition to retirement is very close/people worry about financial
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Define honeymoon phase?
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person find new freedom/ can last a while or short lived depending when novelty wears off/ opportunity to try things they never had before
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Define disenchantment?
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Emotional letdown, can accompany depression, caused by loneliness, problems with health and finances
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Define reorientation?
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person gets very realistic, check out alternatives and options
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Define stability?
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person masters their strengths, develope a routine, and become more of their weaknesses
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Define termination?
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Can becaused by going back to work, person realizes they have less autonomy, role of retirement is canceled by illness disability or death
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Define Thanatology?
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the field of study of death and dying
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T/F Children see death as a reversible process
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true
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T/F by age of 5-7 kids realize that death is not reversible
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true
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T/F adolescents accept death but see themselves as mortal
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false/ immortal
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T/F Teenagers proximity to death, the closer to death they have come in the family corresponds to a better sense of death/ depends on where they live
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true
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Western culture=
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dying denying culture= imbedded in our language which takes the edge of the pain of death
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Death Anxiety= 4pts ages?peaks?why?...
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1-Peaks in middle adulthood
2-prepares people for death 3-Experienced at 40-50 years old 4-Elderly tend to except mortality |
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Define Harvard Criteria (death Defined)? 5pts
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In 1986 Harvard said:
1-No respitory function 2-No blood flow/ circulation 3-No brain Activity/ through an EEG 4-No consciousness or responsiveness 5-No reflexes/ pupil dialation |
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T/F technology has deepened the death denying culture
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true
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meta=
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beyond
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T/F The only times we become metaphysical when death is emminent/ sickness/ depression
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True
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T/F Psychologists have found it better to NOT inform people of terminal illness/ gives a chance to finalize plans, make amends, closure
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false/ do inform
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2 types of euthanasia?
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Passive and active
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Define euthanasia?
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the act of painlessly putting to death an animal or person who is afflected with an incurable disease or a severe disability
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Define active euthanasia?
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a direct/ deliberate effort to terminate life- Through themselves or assisted by others (ie. Dr. Kevorkian)
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Define passive euthanasia?
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-withdrawing essential life support systems and letting nature take it’s course/ Life saving treatment is not given/ Karen Anne Quinlan (1976- 1985)
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Define -Bereavement?
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the actual loss of the other person through death
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T/F -Emotional element varys during bereavement and it gets better with time
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true
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Define grief?
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the emotional reaction to the loss (depression always follows loss)
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T/F we all grieve the same?
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false
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name 3 ways we deal with greif?
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1-Affected-depression
2-Behaviorally 3-Cognitively |
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define affected depression?
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-depression/ Anhedonia= loss of pleasure in things you previously liked/ Survivors guilt(Lofton)
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T/F In affected greif usually happens in sudden unexpected death-
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True
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T/F the underlying peice is that the person wants to be reunited with the dead person in affected greif?
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True
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Define behavior coping for grief? 5pts
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1-person may feel fatigue
2-will cry 3-may become agitated 4-insomnia 5-often has somatic complaints |
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Define cognitive coping through grief?4pts
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1-mental process slows down
2-may seem preoccupied 3-increase in memories 4-may have flashbacks |
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Define mourning?
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the set of behaviors that express/ demonstrate the grief and loss/
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Mourning is determined by__________?
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culture and religion
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T/F Loss of a child is most difficult because it goes against nature
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True
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T/F When death is anticipated then it gives people a chance to detach
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True
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T/F When preparing for someones death six months is not enough but if it is longer than 13 months a strain in coping is developed
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True
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What are the two most common ways to die?
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Coronary heart disease and cancer
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Define Lingering deah trajectory?
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-death is expected but not eminent/ descicions are possible but risk long term and cronic pain
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Define quick death trajectory?
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-A matter of weeks or months until death happens
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name 2 types of medical care for dying?
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Curiative and palliative
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Curiative=
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actively treat the symptoms
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Palliative care=
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treat the pain to provide comfort/ typically down with narcotics/ Usually done in a hospice
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Define Hospice?
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Residential care that allows to die humanely and with dignity/ tries to personalize the care/
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Name 3 Components of Death
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(Functional, Cellular,Brain)
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Functional=
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no heartbeat or respirations/ brain will die 5-8 minutes after
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Cellular Death=
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the gradual death where the organs cease to fuction/ happens 30 minutes after death/ muscles will spasm/ digestion may keep going/
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What is the Final stage of cellular death/ how long
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rigor mortis- takes 2 -30 hours
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Define brain death?
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EEG confirms brain death/
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T/F brain can’t be supported by machines signifying the end
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T/F
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loss applies to ____________ and _____________ losses!
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symbolic and tangible
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What is the Underlying emotion in the stages of grief?
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Hope
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What are Kuber Ross's 5 stages of grief?
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1-Denial
2-Anger 3-Bargaining 4-Depresssion 5-Acceptence |
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Define denial stage?
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feelings of disbelief or shock/ built in for protection,shock absorber/ only problem when denial becomes protracted/ level will fluctuate and be modified/ Can’t be happening to me...
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Define anger stage?
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Anger shows up when the denial is no longer succesful/ Anger can come as rage, envy, or resentment/ Why me? Blame
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Define Bargaining?
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-person will hope that death will be postponed or delayed/ god, I will go to chuch to live/ may wish for exclusion or reduced pain
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What did Irving Yalum say?
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Fear begets faith
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T/F person will come up with self imposed guidlines-I want to live until the holidays.../ based in rewards, like childhood/ during bargaining
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true
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Define depression?
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-absolutely no denial/ usually happens when symptoms increase/ have a great sense of loss
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2 types of depression in greif stages?
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1-reactive
2-preparatory |
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Reactive=
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the loss of the illness, reacting to the illness, something triggers
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Preparetory=
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preparing for the impending loss/ very silent/ also need time to express their sorrow/
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T/F by experiencing depression; so moves them closer to the last stage which is acceptence
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True
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Define acceptance?
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humility/ gratitude versus alot of feelings of being alone and losing interest/
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T/F the person who is ill has to help the friends and family accept the situation
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True body language tells alot
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T/F Longer they resist the illness the less peace and dignity they are likely to have
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True
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