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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
self- concept
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our knowledge about who we are
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self- awareness
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the act about thinking about ourselves
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self- reference effect
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tendency to remember things better if we encode that information in terms of ourselves
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The function of the self
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organizational
emotional executive- regulates behavior, choices and plans for the future |
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Independent self
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a way of defining oneself in term's of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people
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interdependent self
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a way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people; recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others
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relational interdependence
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a focus on interpersonal relationships with close others
(women have more relational interdependence) |
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collective interdependence
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a focus of membership in larger groups (e.g. nationality, greek, membership)
men focus more on collective interdependence |
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snyder's self-monitoring scale
self- monitoring |
the degree one regulates their behavior to match the situation
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private self-conciousness
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adherence to personal standards of behavior
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public self-conciousness
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concern with how others judge you
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introspection
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the process of looking inward and examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives
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Csikzentmihalyi & Figurski, 1992
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- 107 employees wore beepers for one week, which went off at random intervals between 7:30 am- 10:30 pm
- when beeper went off, participants answered questions about their activities, thoughts, and moods - thoughts about self surprisingly infrequent, most thoughts about work, "no thoughts" or time. |
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self- awareness theory
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when we focus attention on ourselves, we evaluate and compare our current behavior to our internal standards and values
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Wilson et al, 1993
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Participants rated 5 posters: 2 'art' posters, 3 humorous animal posters
- Ps told that they could choose a poster to take home with them IV: list 5 reasons for poster choice vs don't list DVs: poster choice, liking for choice, liking at follow up 25 days later - those who listed chose humorous poster - those who listed were less satisfied with their choice 25 days later |
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Nisbett and Wilson, 1977
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4 identical paris of nylon stockings
- Ps asked to choose a stocking and state why - stockings on right preferred by factor of 4-1 - we are usually aware of the final result of our thought processes but are often unaware of the cognitive processing that led to the result |
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Self- perception theory- Bem, 1972
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When we are uncertain of our attitudes or feelings, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
- we watch our behavior - we generate explanations we infer internal feelings, attitudes,etc - attributions play a key role |
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misattribution of arousal
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step 1. experience physiological arousal
step 2. seek appropriate label-- why an i aroused? -- self- perception can cause us to attribute our arousal to the wrong source and experience mistaken or exaggerated emotions. |
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Schacter and Singer (1962)
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Ps injected with epinephrine or placebo
IV1: a. 1/2 told true side effects: rapid breathing, increased BP b. 1/2 told wrong side effects: dizziness, headache IV2: condition 1: confederate acted angry (ripped up questionnaire) condition 2: confederate acted euphoric (threw paper airplanes) - Those told true side effects knew where to attribute arousal and acted calm; however, those who were told wrong side effects were confused and acted as confederates did. |
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Dutton & Aron (1974)
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- An attractive woman asked men if they would fill out a questionnaire for her
IV: just crossed scary bridge vs had chance to rest -- Ps asked right after crossing more likely to call women back as they are more likely to attribute their physical arousal with physical attraction to the woman. |
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social comparison theory
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we learn about our abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others
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upward social comparison
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comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability (when we seek to do better)
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downward social comparison
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comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait or ability (when we want to make ourselves feel better)
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Social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954)
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- we want to make accurate assessments about our abilities and opinions
- when no objective comparison is available we compare ourselves to similar others |
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impression management
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creating a certain impression that fits your goal (the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen)
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self- promotion
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flattering me (tendency to focus on and present flattering information about the self and limiting neg. info)
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ingratiation
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flattering you
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self- handicapping
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when we engage in actions that produce obstacles to success so we have an excuse when we fail (2 ways to self- handicap; actually doing it, or coming up with an excuse)
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social identity theory
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part of self- concept is derived from being part of a social group- enhances self- esteem
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optimal distinctiveness theory
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brewer (1991): on being the same and different at the same time
- social identity comes from a tension between the needs for inclusion and uniqueness |
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self- schemas
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mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and that influence what they notice, think about, and remember about themselves
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possible selves
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goals and roles to which we aspire
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self esteem
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the evaluation we make of ourselves
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self- discrepancies
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differences between how we actually are and how we ideally want to be or ought to be
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self- regulation
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self- regulatory resource model- the idea that people have a limited amount of energy to devote to self-control and that spending it on one task limits the amount that can be spent on another task
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working self-complex
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which aspect of the self is activated depends on the situation
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self-complexity
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simple vs complex
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