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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biological Psychology
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The study of hte physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience.
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Physiological Explanation
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Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs.
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Ontogenic Explanation
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Describes the development of a sturcture or a behavior.
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Evolutionary Explanation
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Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior.
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Functional Explanation
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Describes WHY a structure or behavior evolved as it did.
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Mind-Body or Mind-Brain Problem
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What is the relationship between the mind and the brain?
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Dualism
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The belief that mind and body are different kinds of substance- mental substance and physical substance - that exist independently.
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Monism
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The belief that the universe consists of only one kind of substance.
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Materialism
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The view that everything that exists is material, or physical.
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Mentalism
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The view that only the mind really exists and that the physcal world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it.
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Identity Position
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The view that mental processes are the same thing as certain kinds of brain processes but are described in different terms.
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Solipsism
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I alone exist, or I alone am conscious.
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Easy Problems
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The easy problems pertain to many phenomena that we call CONSCIOUSNESS, such as the difference between wakefulness nad sleep and the mechanisms that enable us to focus our attention.
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Hard Problem
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The hard problem concerns why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness.
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Binocular Activity
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Shifts in vision that are slow and gradual, sweeping from one side to another.
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Genes
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Genes are units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.
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Chromosomes
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Chromosomes are strands of genes, which also come in pairs.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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A gene is a portion of a chromosome, which is composed of the double-stranded molecule deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
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Ribonucleic Acid
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A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. RNA is a single strand chemical: one type of RNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of protein molecules.
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Enzymes
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Some proteins form part of the structure of the body; other serve as enzymes: biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.
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Homozygous
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Anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes is homozygous for that gene.
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Heterozygous
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An individual with an unmatched pair of genes is heterozygous for that gene.
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Dominant Gene
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A dominant gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.
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Recessive Gene
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A recessive gene shows its effects only in the homozygous condition.
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Crossing Over
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A pair of chromosomes may break apart during reproduction and reconnect such that part of one chromosome attaches to the other part of the second chromosome.
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Sex-Linked Genes
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The genes located on the sex chromosomes.
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Autosomal Genes
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Genes not located on the sex chromosomes.
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X and Y
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A female mammal has two X chromosomes; a male has an X and Y.
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Sex Limited Genes
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Distinct from sex-linked genes are the sex-limited genes, which are present in both sexes but have effects mainly or exclusively for one sex.
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Recombination
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A new combination of genes, some from one parent and some from the other, that yields characteristics not found in either parent.
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Mutation
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A change in a single gene.
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Monozygotic
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From one egg.
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Dizygotic
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From two eggs.
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Heritability
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If the variations in some characteristic depend largely on hereditary influences, the characteristic has high heritability.
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Multiplier Effect
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If genetic or prenatal influences produce even a small increase in some activity, the early tendency will change hte environment in a way that magnifies that tendency.
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Phenylketonuria or PKU
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A genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
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Evolution
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A change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population.
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Artificial Selection
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Choosing an individual with a desired trait and making them the parents of the next generation.
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Lamarckian Evolution
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Jean Lamarck's theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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Fitness of __
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The number of copies of one's enes that endure in later generations.
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Evolutionary Psychology or Sociobiology
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Evolutionary Psychology or Sociobiology deals with how behaviors have evolved, especially social behaviors.
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Altruistic Behavior
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An action that benefits someone other than the actor.
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Reciprocal Altruism
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The idea that animals help those who help them in return.
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Kin Selection
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Selection for a gnee because it benefits the individual's relatives.
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