Psych.10-Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Front 1

emotional regulation

Back 1

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

Front 2

initiative versus guilt

Back 2

Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them

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self-concept

Back 3

A person's understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits

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intrinsic motivation

Back 4

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent

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extrinsic motivation

Back 5

A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person's esteem

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psychopathology

Back 6

An illness or disorder of the mind

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externalizing problems

Back 7

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at people or breaking things

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internalizing problems

Back 8

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless

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rough-and-tumble play

Back 9

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm

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sociodramatic play

Back 10

Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create

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authoritarian parenting

Back 11

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication

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permissive parenting

Back 12

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication, but little discipline, guidance, or control

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authoritative parenting

Back 13

An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible

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neglectful/uninvolved parenting

Back 14

An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives

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empathy

Back 15

The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own

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antipathy

Back 16

Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

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prosocial behavior

Back 17

Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself

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antisocial behavior

Back 18

Feelings and actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

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instrumental aggression

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Behavior that hurts someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or privilege

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reactive aggression

Back 20

An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical

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relational aggression

Back 21

Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people

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bullying aggression

Back 22

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

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psychological control

Back 23

A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents

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time-out

Back 24

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time

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sex differences

Back 25

Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body type

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gender differences

Back 26

Differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by the culture

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phallic stage

Back 27

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

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Oedipus complex

Back 28

The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's romantic love

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superego

Back 29

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents

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Electra complex

Back 30

The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

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identification

Back 31

An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else

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gender schema

Back 32

A cognitive concept or general belief based on one's experiences - in this case, a child's understanding of sex differences

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solitary play

Back 33

A child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby

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Onlooker play

Back 34

A child watches other children play

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Parallel play

Back 35

Children play with similar toys in similar ways, but not together

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Associative play

Back 36

Children interact, observing one another and sharing material, but their play is not yet mutual and reciprocal

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Cooperative play

Back 37

Children play together, creating dramas or taking turns

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induction

Back 38

talking to kid as punishment to explain why what he did was wrong, internalizes morality