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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When you attempt to form a memory, the memory process you are using is _________?
A. encoding B. storage C. retrieval d. acquistition |
Encoding
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Which of these research findings supports the existence of repressed memories?
A. People who are told about an event they allegedly experienced in childhood sometimes believe the story to be true, even if it did not really occur. B. People who are asked about traumas they were known to have experienced in childhood sometimes do not recall these events. C. People who read lists of words such as candy, soda pop, honey, fudge, and cake will sometimes remember seeing the word "sweet" on the list even though it was not present. D. When reading a long list of words, people often do not recall those appearing in the middle of the list. |
People who are asked about traumas they were known to have experienced in childhood sometimes do not recall these events.
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Which of these is NOT an example of classical conditioning?
A. Not being able to stand the sight of tacos because of a taste aversion. B. Learning rights and wrongs by observing the behaviors of other students in school. C. The theme song from the horror film "Halloween" provoking fear when you hear it. D. Training a cat to expect that it will be fed when it hears the sounds of a bell. |
Learning rights and wrongs by observing the behaviors of other students in school.
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4. Jeff was walking home one evening when a masked man ran out of the shadows waving a gun. The man forced Jeff to dump his cash and coins out of his pockets. The man collected the goods then ran off into the night. Jeff feels like he will never forget the details of this traumatic experience. In fact, more than 15 years later he can still recall the clothes he was wearing that day and the scent of his masked attacker. This is an example of a _______memory.
A. implicit B. procedural c. flashbulb d. sensory |
Flashbulb
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5. Charity used to enjoy potato salad. At a family reunion she ate a large helping. Unfortunately the potato salad had not been kept cold, and Charity became quite ill after eating it. Now she finds even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick. In this example, the sight of potatoes in the grocery store is a(n) ____.
A. unconditioned response B. conditioned response C. unconditioned stimulus D. conditioned stimulus |
Conditioned stimulus
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In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned responses is the...
A. conditioned response B. unconditioned stimulus C. unconditioned reinforcer D. conditioned reinforcer |
Unconditioned stimulus
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A famous patient named H.M. had hippocampal damage and was unable to form new memories. He could not remember having fallen on ice and hurting himself. However, he could remember how to fold up the aluminum assisted walker he used after the fall because folding the walker had become automatic, or habitual. Folding the walk is therefore a(n) _________ memory.
A. episodic B. semantic C. implicit D. declarative |
Implicit
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Elizabeth Loftus conducted research on the accuracy of people's memories. In one study, participants viewed a video of an automobile accident and were later asked questions about it. She found that participants who were asked how fast two cars were going when they smashed into one another were more likely than those who were asked how fast the cars were going when they bumped each other to remember seeing broken glass in the video (in fact, there was no broken glass). This finding illustrates that we may develop ________ memories on the basis of information seen or heard after an event.
A. flashbulb B. working C. false D. episodic |
False
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You are asked to write down your father's birthday for some medical paperwork you are completing. This is an example of a ________ question
A. reiteration B. recognition C. relearning D. recall |
Recall
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Bonzo the chimp loves chocolate chip cookies and will perform any task for his favorite treat. A psychologist teaches Bonzo that two poker chips can be traded for one cookie. Bonzo then learns new tasks in exchange for poker chips. Poker chips are...
A. primary reinforcers B. secondary reinforcers C. negative reinforcements D. the unconditioned stimulus |
Secondary reinforcers
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Sally is thrown from her motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that have occurred after the accident. This is an example of ______.
A. retrograde amnesia B. anterograde amnesia C. motivated forgetting D. retroactive interference |
anterograde amnesia
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Paying attention is MOST important in order to get information from ________ memory to _______ memory.
A. sensory; long-term B. short-term; long-term C. sensory; short-term D. long-term; sensory |
Sensory; short-term
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The max capacity of long-term memory is...
A. seven items (plus or minus 2 items) B. dependent on a person's gender C. practically unlimited D. twenty-one items |
Practically unlimited
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After Nadia spills water all over her painting, her first grade art teacher gives her M&M candies to make her feel better. The next time art class meets, Nadia promptly and purposefully spills water. The M&M's ______ Nadia's water-spilling behavior.
A. positively punished B. negatively punished C. positively reinforced D. negatively reinforced |
positively reinforced
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You want to hang out with some friends this weekend, but they are playing a card game you are unfamiliar with. They suggest the best way for you to learn to to watch them play a few hands. They are recommending the use of...
A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. shaping D. vicarious learning |
vicarious learning
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When reinforcement for a behavior stops, the consequence will be
A. an immediate weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior B. a short increase in the frequency with which the behavior is performed, followed by the weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior C. the emergence of superstitious behavior designed to re institute the reinforcement D. unpredictable unless more information about the nature of the behavior is provided. |
a short increase in the frequency with which the behavior is performed, followed by the weaking and eventual disappearance of the behavior
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The _____ memory system is made up of your recollections of personal experiences you have had.
A. semantic B. procedural C. declarative D. episodic |
episodic
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Jaime's memory of how to shuffle cards represents ______ memory whereas his memory for the rules of texas hold'em poker represents ______ memory.
A. semantic; procedural B. episodic; procedural C. procedural; episodic D. procedural; semantic |
procedural; semantic
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Whenever Allison studies for an exam she gets nervous and anxious. At first she worries that she will hinder her performance but then she remembers that if she is nervous and anxious when she studies she may remember the information better if she is nervous and anxious when she takes the test. Allison is aware of the _________ memory effect.
A. flashbulb encoding B. semantic retrieval C. primacy storage D. state dependent retrieval |
State dependent retrieval
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Martin can't remember who invented flush toliets because he was flirting with a classmate. When his history professor described this momentous event his forgetting appears to be due to...
A. motivated forgetting B. an effective encoding C. an effective storage D. proactive interference |
An effective encoding
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People generally tend to ______ the accuracy of their memory for general information.
A. correctly estimate B. underestimte C. overestimate D. have no perception about |
Overestimate
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Jack the lion tamer is teaching his newest lion how to jump through a hoop. First, he praises the lion and gives it a treat every time it walks near the hoop. After a while, he stands the hoop up on the ground and rewards the lion only for walking through the hoop. When the lion has mastered this task, Jack raises the hoop above the ground and rewards the lion only if it jumps through the hoop. Jack is using _____ to teach the lion this new trick.
A.Vicarious Learning B. Classical Conditioning C. Shaping D. A partial reinforcement schedule |
Shaping
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Which memory system is referred to as"working memory"?
A. Sensory memory B. short-term memory C. Long-term memory D. Eidetic Memory |
Short Term Memory
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The von Restorff effect suggests information will be recalled at a higher rate if it is more _____.
A. Auditory B. Habitual C. Implicit D. Vivid |
Vivid
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Overlearning material tends to _____ retention of the material.
A. Not improve B. Improve C. Make little difference in D. Interfere with |
Improve
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Jim studying for a history exam and asks you for advice on the best strategy for remembering historical figures during the revolutionary war. Which of the following questions would you recommend Jim ask himself while reading about the figures in the textbook (assuming you want to help Jim do well)?
A. "How many syllables are in the figure's name?" B. "What do the letters making up this person's name look like?" C. "How would my life be different if this figure hadn't participated in the revolution?" D. "On what page of the text is this figure described?" |
"How would my life be different if this figure hadn't participated in the revolution?"
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The type of memory where information is stored for the shortest period of time is _______ memory.
A. sensory B. short-term C. long-term D. working |
Sensory
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Psychologists have defined learning as
A. relatively permanent changes in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience B. the systematic organization of information that facilitates later recall and use c. a temporary change in behavior that results from past experience D. the adaption of instinctual responses to new environments |
relatively permanent changes in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
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Jill arrived at the store to find that she had forgotten her grocery list. Her list at home read: milk, eggs, cheese, frozen pizza, broccoli, lettuce, bread, and toilet paper. If Jill remembers to buy milk, eggs, cheese, bread, toilet paper, which of the following most likely influenced her memory?
A. primacy and recency effects B. interference effects C. context-dependent memory effects D. schema effects |
primacy and recency effects
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Distributed practice appears to lead to greater recall of information than does massed practice. This is because distributed practice allows for more ________ of the information.
A. retrograde interference B. state-dependent retrieval C. transfer appropriate processing D. rehearsal |
rehearsal
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If you're thinking about your plans for the weekend while you are skimming your psych textbook, the reason you will probably do poorly on an exam covering this material is that you've used _________ encoding, which is not as good as _________ encoding for retention of verbal material.
A. phonemic or structural; semantic B. semantic or phonemic; reconstructive C. phonemic or semantic; proactive D. proactive or retroactive; semantic |
Phonemic or structural; semantic
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Mona takes a course in which there are unannounced quizzes. Sometimes there is quiz after 2 days of class, sometimes after 5 days of class, and sometimes after 1 day of class. The students don't know exactly when the next quiz will be, so Mona has to study every day in order to do well in the class. Mona's studying is being reinforced on a _________ schedule.
A. fixed-ratio B. variable-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval |
variable-interval
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Which of these illustrates Thorndike's "Law of Effect"?
A. James avoids going to the zoo after having been bit by a donkey in the petting cage. B. Alice repeatedly attempts to make toast even though her toaster always burns the bread. C. Fred stops playing a game after winning because he figures he has used up all his luck. D. Harry shares nis toys with his sister on Tuesday because his mother praised him for doing so on Monday |
Harry shares his toys with his sister on Tuesday because his mother praised him for doing so on Monday
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In one of Aesop's Fables, a boy who is guarding sheep becomes bored and shouts "wolf" to see the townspeople come running. They do, and he laughs. He continues to shout "wolf", but the people eventually stop coming. Their running responses have been ________.
A. positively reinforced B. generalized C. spontaneously recovered D. extinguished |
extinguished
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Vicarious learning _____________.
A. occurs among humans but not among other species. B. helps explain why does salivate when food is placed on their tongues C. involves the administration of a positive reinforcer in order to increase a behavior D. helps to explain how prejudiced beliefs develop |
Helps to explain how prejudiced beliefs develop.
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Jackson fell off his red tricycle last week and would cry whenever his parents tried to put him back on it. This week his father painted Jackson's tricycle blue, and now Jackson doesn't cry when his parents put him on the tricycle. Jackson's reaction best illustrates ________.
A. stimulus generalization B. spontaneous extinction C. negative reinforcement D. stimulus discrimination |
stimulus discrimination
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Adam was recently in a bad car accident. As a result, he developed retrograde amnesia. Despite his amnesia, Adam is still able to remember how to drive and ride a bike. Memories for how to do these activities are stored in Adam's _______ memory system and seem to be unaffected by most types of amnesia.
A. procedural B. declarative C. episodic D. semantic |
procedural
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Jake is afraid of snakes. His friend Sonja has been trying to help Jake get over his phobia, but none of Sonja's treatments have been effective. She tries one last treatment in which she puts Jake in a room full of real snakes while simultaneously engaging in relaxation exercises and hopes this will finally relieve him of his phobia. This type of treatment in which someone is exposed to a feared stimulus all at once is called ________.
A. desensitizing B. generalizing C. shaping D. flooding |
flooding
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A mother uses praise to reinforce her child for saying, "thank you" when she is given a compliment from her grandmother. Soon the child not only says "thank you" to her grandmother, but also to her school teachers, siblings, friends, and bus drivers who give her compliments. This child is illustrating the process of __________ in operant conditioning.
A. spontaneous recovery B. generalization C. extinction D. discrimination |
generalization
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All of these conditions EXCEPT _______ must be met in order for vicarious learning to take place.
A. The learner must pay attention to the model. B. The learner must be able to remember what they observed the model do. C. The learner must be capable of reproducing the model's behavior. D. The learner must be capable of using echoic memory. |
The learner must be capable of using echoic memory.
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Katie was worried about the security of her e-mail account and recently changed her password. She had used her old password for so long that she now has difficulty remembering her new password because of __________.
A. proactive interference B. retroactive interference C. memory decay D. response inhibition |
proactive interference
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Whitney has a fear of flying. Every time she must make a trip in an airplane, she eats the peanuts that the flight attendant give her. Now, whenever she tastes peanuts, she feels nervous and scared. The apprehension and fear that Whitney feels when she tastes peanuts is a(n) ___________.
A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. conditioned response |
conditioned response
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Albert Bandura's famous "Bobo Doll" study illustrated that children ___________.
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learn vicariously to mimic adults' aggressive behaviors when frustrated
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Harold wanted to play a trick on his roommate. For several days in a row he threw a ball at his roommate's head whenever his roommates cell phone would ring. Now, his roommate ducks his head as soon as he hears his cell phone ringing even if Harold no longer throws balls at him. The roommate's ducking his head when he hears the phone is an example of a(n) ____________.
A. conditioned stimulus B. conditioned response C. unconditioned stimulus D. unconditioned response |
conditioned response
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Jim used to have intense fear of
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Spontaneous recovery
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Fixed interval schedule example?
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Giving Brady $5 every Sunday if he completed his weekly chores.
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You are helping with a demonstration in your psych class. Someone reads a list of words to you, and whenever she says the word "it" she sprays you with water. After a while she stops squirting you, but you still flinch when you hear the word "it". The neutral stimulus in this example is __________.
A. you flinching when you hear "it" B. the squirt of water C. the word "it" D. the woman squirting the water |
the word "it"
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Nathan's mother is using operant conditioning to modify his behavior. For every hour Nathan is nice to his sister, his mother gives him one less chore to do that week. Nathan's mother is using ___________ to increase the likelihood that he is nice to his sister.
A. positive reinforcement B. negative punishment C. positive punishment D. negative reinforcement |
negative reinforcement
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Alexa has an illness that requires her to have injections of a drug every week. The drug she is injected with makes her heart race. Soon, Alexa's heart races from just being in the doctor's office, even before she is given the injection. Alexa's rapid heart beat in response to being in the doctor's office is a(n) ______.
A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. conditioned response D. unconditioned response |
conditioned response
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When you go fishing, you cast your line in the water and wait. Sometimes a fish bites right away, but other times you have to leave your line in the water for 30 minutes or longer before a fish nibbles. The fish biting on the line is a form of _________ being administered on a ___________schedule.
A. positive punishment; fixed interval B. positive reinforcement; fixed interval C. positive reinforcement; variable interval D. negative reinforcement; variable interval |
positive reinforcement; variable interval
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