Psych Test Ch 8

Front 1

algorithm

Back 1

set of steps that will eventually solve a problem

Front 2

availability heuristic

Back 2

judging the likelihood or probability of an event based on how readily available other instances of the even are in memory

Front 3

babbling

Back 3

vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin at about 4-6 months

Front 4

cognition

Back 4

mental activities involved in aquiring, storing, retrieving and using knowledge

Front 5

concept

Back 5

mental representation of group or category that shares simular characteristics

Front 6

confirmation bias

Back 6

preferring info that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs while ignoring discounting contradictory evidence

Front 7

convergent thinking

Back 7

narrowing down a list of a alternatives to converge on a single correct answer

Front 8

cooing

Back 8

vowel like sounds infants produce beginning around 2-3 months

Front 9

creativity

Back 9

the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way

Front 10

crystallized intelligence

Back 10

knowledge/skills gained through experience and education tend to increase with life span

Front 11

divergent thinking

Back 11

produces many alternatives or ideas major element of creativity

Front 12

fluid intelligence

Back 12

aspects of innate intelligence, reasoning, abilities, memory, speed of info processing, relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age

Front 13

functional fixedness

Back 13

tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way

Front 14

grammar

Back 14

rule that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning

Front 15

heuristics

Back 15

strategies simple rules, problem solving, decision making that do not guarantee a solution but offer a short cut to it

Front 16

intelligence

Back 16

global capacity to think rationally, act purposely, and deal effectively with environment

Front 17

language acquisition device

Back 17

Chomsky, innate mechanism enables a child to analyze language and extract basic rules of grammar

Front 18

mental image

Back 18

mental representation previous stored sensory experience visual, auditory, tactile, motor, gustatory imagery

Front 19

mental set

Back 19

persisting problem-solving that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones

Front 20

morpheme

Back 20

smallest meaningful unit of language formed from phonemes

Front 21

overextension

Back 21

overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the words meaning

Front 22

overgeneralize

Back 22

applying basic rules of grammar even in unnecessary cases

Front 23

phoneme

Back 23

smallest basic unit of speech or sound

Front 24

prototype

Back 24

representation of the best or most typical example of a category

Front 25

reliability

Back 25

measure of consistency and stabillity of test scores when the test is readministered

Front 26

representativeness heuristic

Back 26

estimating probability of something based on how well the circumstances match previous prototype

Front 27

savant syndrome

Back 27

person mental retardation exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field

Front 28

semantics

Back 28

meaning or study of meaning derived from words and word combination

Front 29

standardization

Back 29

establishment of norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test

Front 30

stereotype threat

Back 30

negative stereotypes about minority groups cause some members to doubt their abilities

Front 31

syntax

Back 31

grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning

Front 32

telegraphic speech

Back 32

2-3 word sentences of young children that contain on most necessary words

Front 33

validity

Back 33

ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

Front 34

Standford-Binet

Back 34

Primarily measures verbal abilites

Front 35

Wechsler

Back 35

measures both verbal and nonverbal abilities

Front 36

Semantics

Back 36

Meaning in language

Front 37

Five most common barriers to effective problem solving

Back 37

1. mental sets
2. functional fixedness
3. confirmation bias
4. availability heuristic
5. representative heuristic

Front 38

three major stages of solving a problem

Back 38

preparation, production, evaluation