Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an individuals unique collection of consistent behavioral traits
|
personality
|
|
the stability in a peron's behavior over time and across situations
|
consistency
|
|
the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation
|
distinctiveness
|
|
a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
|
personality trait
|
|
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
|
factor analysis
|
|
McCrae and Costa; maintains that most personality traits are derived from just fiver higher-order traits
|
"big five"
|
|
outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious
|
extraversion
|
|
anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable
|
neuroticism
|
|
curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artitic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes
|
openness to experience
|
|
sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest and straightforward
|
agreeableness
|
|
diligen, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, and dependable
|
conscientiousness
|
|
incude all the diverse theories descended from the work of Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces
|
Psychodynamic theories
|
|
the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle; biological needs (eat, sleep, ect.)
|
id
|
|
id operates according to this; demands immediate gratification of its urges
|
pleasure pricipal
|
|
decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle; mediates between the id and the social world
|
ego
|
|
guides the ego; seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until approriate outlets and situations can be found
|
reality principle
|
|
the moral component of personlity that incoporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
|
superego
|
|
"take the cookie"
|
id
|
|
"see if anyone's watching"
|
ego
|
|
"don't take the cookie"
|
superego
|
|
consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
|
conscious
|
|
contains material justbeneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
|
preconscious
|
|
contains thoughts & memories & desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
|
unconscious
|
|
largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
|
defense mechanisms
|
|
creating false but plasible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
|
rationalization
|
|
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
|
repression
|
|
attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
|
projection
|
|
diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substite target
|
displacement
|
|
behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings
|
reaction formation
|
|
a reversion to immature patterns of behavior
|
regrssion
|
|
bolstering selfpesteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
|
identification
|
|
developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
|
psychosexual stages
|
|
a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
|
fixation
|
|
oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital; early experiences shape personality
|
Freud's psychosexual stages
|
|
first stage; conflict over weaning; first year of life; erotic stimulation is the mouth (biting, sucking, chewing)
|
oral stage
|
|
second year; second stage; bowel movements; toile training
|
anal stage
|
|
third stage; 3-5; genitals become the focus of child's erotic energy
|
phalic stage
|
|
children maifet erotically tinged deires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelins of hostility toward their same-sex parent
|
oedipal complex
|
|
fourth stage; age 7-12; not thinking about opposite sex
|
latency period
|
|
fifth stage; puberty; dealing w. sexual urges
|
genital stage
|
|
analytical psychology
|
Jung's psychoanalytic theory
|
|
a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past; part of jung's theory
|
collective unconscious
|
|
emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning; show up in dreams and within other forms of culture
|
archetypes
|
|
individual psychology
|
adler's approach to personality
|
|
a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges
|
striving for superiority
|
|
efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities
|
compensation
|
|
poor testability, inadequate evidence, sexism
|
criticizm of psycholdynmic formulations
|
|
a theoretical orientation based onthe premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
|
behaviorism
|
|
bandura's theory; occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others
|
observational learning
|
|
father of the cognitive movement; person is active in shaping their personality
|
bandura
|
|
people model attractive people over ugly people
|
attractiveness
|
|
children model thos who are in a power position more than those who are not
|
power
|
|
bobo doll sutdies; personality traits can be modeled
|
bandura's theory
|
|
a person whose behavior is observed by another
|
model
|
|
one's belief about one's abilit to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
|
self-efficacy
|
|
a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
|
humanism
|
|
people can rise above their primitive animal heritage and control their biological urges; people are largey conscious and rational beings whoare not dominated by unconscious, irrational needs and conflicts
|
optimistic view by humanists
|
|
the first amendment clause that prohibits the establishment of a state relgion; forbids government not only from designating an official church, but also from aiding one relgion over another
|
establishment clause
|
|
the 14th amendment guarantee that the government will follow fair and just procedures when prosecuting a criminal defendant; 4, 5, 6, & 8 amendment provide this right for criminals
|
due process
|