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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Of the following, a behaviorist is most likely to study:
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animal learning.
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Psychologists who argue that psychologists should only study observable, measurable behaviors are called
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Methodological behaviorists
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Something that cannot be directly observed, but which links various procedures to various responses
is called a(n) ______variable |
intervening
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The goal of radical behaviorism is to explain behavior in terms of
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simple responses to stimuli.
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An early approach to behaviorism that attempted to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response was known as
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stimulus-response psychology.
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B. F. Skinner was known for his objection to
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The idea that all behavior is caused or determined in some way.
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Modern behaviorists generally believe that
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all human and animal behavior can be described as simple responses to current, simple stimuli.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristic assumptions of behaviorists?
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Unconscious thoughts and wishes control much of our behavior.
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A behaviorist would state that your thoughts and feelings do not cause your behavior because:
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thoughts and feelings are not related to any physical events.
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Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of:
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classical conditioning
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What is an unconditioned reflex?
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an inborn, automatic connection between a stimulus and a response
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In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment the tone is the __________ and blinking is the __________.
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conditioned stimulus...conditioned response
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In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this experiment?
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the puff of air
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Pavlov repeatedly paired a buzzer with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the food was the:
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unconditioned stimulus.
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In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the buzzer was the:
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conditioned stimulus.
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Pavlov paired a sound with food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the conditioned response was the?
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salivation to the sound.
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A nursing mother puts her baby to her breast to feed every time she hears it cry. After a few days, her milk starts to flow as soon as she hears the baby. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus?
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the baby's cry
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The process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response is known as
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acquisition.
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After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response?
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Repeatedly present the CS alone, without the UCS.
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How does an investigator produce extinction in classical conditioning?
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Present the CS without the UCS.
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In classical conditioning, learning is to unlearning as:
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acquisition is to extinction.
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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an increase in responding after a delay following extinction
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A dog has been trained to salivate whenever it sees a large white square. Now it is shown a large gray square and it salivates, though not quite as much as when it sees the white square. The dog is displaying:
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stimulus generalization.
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You were once stung by a bee and now you are somewhat frightened by all insects. You are displaying stimulus ____
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generalization
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A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch. This effect is called:
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discrimination.
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Research has demonstrated that tolerance of injected drugs is sometimes due to:
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classical conditioning.
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Drug tolerance has been interpreted by some as an example of classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the injection and the conditioned response is:
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the body's defenses against the drug.
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What did Pavlov think was necessary for classical conditioning to occur?
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presenting the CS and the UCS at nearly the same time
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Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused a connection in the
brain to form so that the animal treated the CS as if it were the UCS. Psychologists today believe that the animal: |
uses the CS as a predictor that the UCS is coming.
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1. The cats in Thorndike's experiments improved their ability to escape his puzzle boxes gradually,
not suddenly. What conclusion did he draw from this observation? |
Learning is based on strengthening responses, not on insights.
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Edward Thorndike, a pioneer in the study of cats escaping from puzzle boxes, argued that animal
learning depends on: |
reinforcements that increase the probabilities of certain behaviors.
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What did Thorndike mean by the Law of Effect?
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Responses that are followed by reinforcement become more probable.
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In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,
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the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment).
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According to the disequilibrium principle,
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a person can be reinforced by the opportunity to do something that he or she has not had much opportunity to do recently.
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What is a secondary reinforcer?
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a reinforcer that became reinforcing through previous experience
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
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money
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A secondary reinforcer:
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gains its value from association with a primary reinforcer.
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Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
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food
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The probability of a given response is decreased by:
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negative reinforcement.
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Skinner conducted a famous study in which he punished bar pressing in rats attempting to obtain food
by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it. Based on the results of this study, Skinner concluded that: |
punishment temporarily suppresses behavior, but it is ineffective in the long run.
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Punishment is most likely to produce a long-lasting suppression of a behavior if:
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the individual has an alternative response available to produce the reinforcement.
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Many people are not deterred by the strict punishments that the U.S. government imposes for selling illegal drugs. This lack of effect is probably due to the:
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low likelihood that the punishment will be delivered quickly after the response.
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What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?
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They both strengthen a behavior.
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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
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After a rat learns to press a lever for food, it stops pressing when it is no longer hungry.
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Negative reinforcement is a procedure in which a response:
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is weakened because it leads to the omission of a favorable stimulus.
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The probability of a given response is increased by:
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either a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement.
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I have learned to open my umbrella in order to stop the rain from soaking me. What type of contingency led to this learning?
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negative reinforcement
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What is the procedure for producing extinction in operant conditioning?
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Give no reinforcement after the response.
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In the past, every time a rat has pressed a lever it has received a piece of food. The rat's rate of pressing has reached a high level. What procedure would produce extinction of the response?
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Let the rat press the lever many times without receiving food.
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An animal presses a lever for food in one box. If we now place it in a new but similar box, it presses the lever in that box as well. This is an example of
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stimulus generalization.
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Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning?
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You get a good grade by studying a certain way for your sociology class, so you use the same study technique for your psychology class.
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On the first floor of your dormitory are two vending machines. The one on the left always works;
the one on the right is usually broken. You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left. This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning? |
discrimination
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When your professor arrives and opens his notes, you stop talking to the person next to you and prepare to take notes. This situation is most clearly an example of:
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a discriminative stimulus.
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The ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others is known as:
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stimulus control.
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Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means:
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reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior.
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When someone acquires a complex response through reinforcement for gradual approximations to the response, the training procedure is known as:
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shaping.
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In operant conditioning, shaping means:
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reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response.
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An experimenter who wants to train a rat to pull a string to raise a flag begins by training it to stand up.
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shaping.
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A rat learns to climb a ladder to a platform where it can pull a string to raise the ladder and then climb
the ladder again. The reinforcement for each response is the opportunity to perform the next response. This procedure is known as: |
chaining.
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What is chaining in operant conditioning?
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training a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one behavior is the opportunity to perform the next behavior
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Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of __________ and __________.
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shaping...chaining
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Suppose you decide to reward yourself by going out for a snack every time you finish reading a chapter in your text. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
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fixed ratio
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The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
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variable ratio
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An individual receives a reinforcement after a certain number of responses. Sometimes 5 responses are necessary, sometimes 2, and sometimes 10. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
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variable ratio
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An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after a 1-minute interval, but not again until
the next 1-minute interval has passed. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? |
Fixed interval
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Suppose your boss provides free coffee and donuts each morning at precisely 10:30 am. The first people
there get the best choice of donuts. Your going to the place where the donuts are each day is reinforced on which schedule? |
fixed-interval schedule
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A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?
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variable interval
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Under a continuous schedule of reinforcement the animal is reinforced;
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after every response.
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An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after some period of time, but the amount
of time changes. Sometimes the individual has to wait as much as 3 minutes, sometimes as little as 10 seconds. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? |
variable interval
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Which of the following statements about extinction following intermittent reinforcement is true?
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Extinction following intermittent reinforcement is slower than following continuous reinforcement.
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When animals are trained for circus acts or other shows, in most cases their training relies mainly on
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positive reinforcement.
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During the Korean War, captured U.S. soldiers were persuaded to cooperate with their captors one
small step at a time, with reinforcements for each step. This procedure resembles which principle of operant conditioning? |
fixed-ratio schedules
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Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification) is based on immediate reinforcements for behaviors, with gradually increasing demands for certain kinds of behavior. The idea is based on
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Skinner's procedure of shaping.
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A study examining playground behavior of children found that by offering simple reinforcements
for safe behavior, the frequency of dangerous behaviors could be decreased. These results are consistent with: |
behavior modification.
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Research on conditioned taste aversions suggests that animals are predisposed to associate tastes with
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sounds.
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Which kind of learning occurs reliably even though the elements to be associated are separated by an hour or more?
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eating a new food followed by illness
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Rats and other species seem to be predisposed to associate tastes with __________ and to associate lights and sounds with __________.
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illness...skin pain
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The major point of the discussion of birdsong learning in the text is that:
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this is the only known example (in any species) of classical conditioning without a CS.
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Most school learning is an attempt to learn from the experiences and discoveries of others. This kind of learning is called:
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social learning.
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Which of the following is NOT an important part of the social learning approach?
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trial and error
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According to social-learning theory:
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much human learning occurs because of imitation.
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What happens during vicarious reinforcement?
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Someone watches someone else do something and receive reinforcement.
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Why does vicarious punishment seem to produce less of an effect than vicarious reinforcement?
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We are less likely to identify with someone who is getting punished.
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Vicarious punishment:
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affects behavior less than vicarious reinforcement.
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Define self-efficacy.
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the belief of being
able to perform the task successfully. |
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According to the social learning perspective, how can the government increase the self-efficacy of children from a wide variety of backgrounds to aspire to professional careers?
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place adults from a wide variety of backgrounds in high-visibility positions of leadership, so that they can serve as role models
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Some people break bad habits by giving themselves a treat whenever they get through a day without engaging in the habit they want to break. This is an example of:
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self-reinforcement.
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Psychologists use the term memory to refer to:
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the information retained only.
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In order to be sure that the items on the lists that he learned would be unfamiliar, Ebbinghaus invented ___________.
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lists of nonsense syllables
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If asked to tell your social security number (without looking it up), you are being asked to perform a free __________ memory test.
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free recall
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Your friend asks you to name the seven dwarves from "Snow White". This is a memory test that psychologists would call a __________ test
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free recall
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An essay exam is best described as a free __________ test of memory.
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free recall
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Which kind of memory test are you taking right now?
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recognition
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Professor Lord gives you a list of 400 names and asks you to check the ones that appeared in the book of Deuteronomy. What kind of memory test is this?
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recognition
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The savings method of testing memory
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can detect weaker memories than the recall method can.
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After the end of the semester, certain students seem to have forgotten everything they learned. To find out
whether their amnesia is complete or only partial, their professor teaches them the material again to see whether they learn any faster the second time than they did the first time. What kind of memory test is this? |
b. savings
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After you witness a robbery, you have trouble describing the thief. The police show you several photographs
and ask whether any of them was the thief. They are checking your memory by which method? |
recognition
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If a memory is very weak, which method of testing memory is most likely to detect that memory?
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savings
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One unusual feature of implicit memory is that:
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people can display this kind of memory without consciously realizing that they are using their memory.
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Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of a __________memory.
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procedural memory
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In what way is identifying a suspect from a lineup similar to taking a multiple choice test?
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both are a form of a recognition memory test
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According to the information-processing model of memory, human memory is most analogous to a _____________.
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computer
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Viewing memory as a process in which items enter memory and go from a brief sensory store to a short-term temporary memory to a long-term permanent memory is an example of:
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an information-processing model.
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Memory for specific life events such as graduating from high school, or getting married, is known as:
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episodic memory.
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Your memory of the rules of basketball or golf is a type of_____________memory.
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long term
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What type of memory is your memory of your current mailing address?
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semantic
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Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?
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remembering what happened your first day of elementary school
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Which of these types of memory can store the largest amount of information? That is, which one has the greatest capacity?
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long-term memory
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One difference between long-term memory and short-term memory is that:
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long-term memory can hold a vast amount of information and short-term memory can hold only about seven items
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"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capacity of _____________memory.
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chunking.
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The telephone company's use of area codes (e.g., 209) and 3-digit local exchanges (e.g., 555) followed by
different 4-digit phone numbers makes it easier to remember the numbers of several different friends because of: |
chunking.
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One way to expand the amount of material one can store in short-term memory is to:
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organize the material into chunks.
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After students graduate from college, what happens to their memory of a foreign language that they:
studied in college? |
Their memory fades for the first 3 to 6 years and remains fairly stable from then on.
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The term "working memory" has been adopted by many researchers to replace the more traditional term_________________memory.
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short term memory
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One of the components of working memory involves the manipulation of visual information, and is known:as the:
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visuospatial sketchpad.
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The "central executive" aspect of working memory is responsible for:
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shifting attention
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According to the levels-of-processing principle, some memories are easier to recall than others because:
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we thought about them more during the storage process.
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Memory improves when there is an increase in:
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depth of processing.
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__________ is a way that we improve memory by thinking about the meaning of a word and forming as
many associations as possible. |
d. Increasing depth of processing
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If you are trying to memorize a list of words, which of the following would be the best advice?
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Go through the list thinking about the meaning of each word.
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The main contribution of the levels-of-processing principle is that it accounts for:
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the varying strengths of long-term memories.
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You are given a list of grocery items to remember to purchase on your trip to the store. These items are; apples,
bread, celery, lettuce, grapes, and onions. According to the recency effect, what item are you most likely to remember? |
apples
lettuce c. onions (YES) |
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The __________ effect is a tendency to remember the first items on a list; the __________ effect is a tendency
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primacy...recency
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Your memory will be more reliable if you use the same cue when you try to retrieve a memory that you
used when you stored it. This is a statement of which of the following? |
encoding specificity principle
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The tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during original learning is known as:
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state-dependent memory.
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According to the principle of encoding specificity, if you want to do well on a particular exam you should
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make your study conditions as similar as possible to the conditions under which you will be tested.
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While taking a tranquilizing drug as a treatment for a muscle spasm, you witnessed an automobile accident. Later, your memory of the incident was rather fuzzy, but when you began taking tranquilizers again for test anxiety,
some of the memories returned. This would be an example of: |
state-dependent memory.
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You have a psychology test in four days, and you will spend a total of ten hours studying. Because you paid
attention while reading the memory chapter, you know that the best strategy for studying is to; |
distribute the 10 hours in shorter study sessions across the four days
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Which of the following would be good advice for someone who wanted to learn material quickly for a test, and who was not concerned about remembering the material long after the test was over?
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Study in a wide variety of places.
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To improve your probability of performing a learned skill well, or your probability of remembering something in a variety of circumstances, you should:
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study or practice under a variety of conditions.
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If you study under varied conditions at varied times of day, with small amounts of study at each time, spread out over long intervals, the result will be:
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slow learning, but good long-term retention.
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SPAR is a method for improving?
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understanding what you read.
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In the SPAR method, the letters S, P, A, and R stand for __________,__________,¬¬¬¬¬__________, and ___________.
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Survey, Process meaningfully, Ask
questions, and Review. |
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What is a mnemonic device?
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a method for improving memorization
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The saying "Thirty days hath September..." is an example of
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c. a mnemonic device.
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The method of loci is one example of:
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c. a mnemonic device.
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Hindsight bias is the tendency to:
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alter our perceptions and memories to match those of the other people we know.
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Ebbinghaus memorized several meaningless lists of 13 items each and then tested his memory after
various delays. During which time period did he forget the most material? |
between the 8th and 12th hours after memorization
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Ebbinghaus memorized several lists of 13 nonsense syllables and then tested his memory after
various delays. How long did it take him to forget half of what he had memorized? |
during the first hour after memorization
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Ebbinghaus forgot materials very rapidly, but most college students forget the same materials much
more slowly. Why? |
Ebbinghaus was suffering from greater proactive interference.
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4. First you memorized the street map of Detroit. If you now memorize the street map of Philadelphia,
you might forget the Detroit map because of: |
retroactive interference.
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Proactive interference and retroactive interference are mechanisms that contribute to:
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forgetting.
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Both proactive interference and retroactive interference:
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increase forgetting.
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Freud's term for forgetting due to the moving of a memory from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind was_______________.
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repression
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Many clinicians now use the term_____________ instead of repression, to refer to a memory that is stored but cannot be retrieved.
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Dissociation
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The research conducted on people who have survived traumatic events leads to the conclusion that:
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traumatic memories are similar to other memories.
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Which of the following is a conclusion that most psychologists would agree with regarding the memory for traumatic events?
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Some people have had abusive experiences in childhood that they later cannot remember.
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The issue of whether patients can recover repressed memories of sexual abuse in childhood is an important one. A commission of therapists and researchers met to discuss the evidence, and the conclusion from this commission was that:
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scientific research cannot answer this question, so it must remain a mystery.
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People in therapy sometimes report that they now recall some previously repressed memories of being sexually abused in infancy or early childhood. Many psychologists are skeptical of these reports because
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therapists' suggestions may have created false memories.
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Participants in certain studies viewed a videotape or a series of slides. Then someone asked some misleading questions, such as "Did the children get on the school bus?" (when there was no bus). The original studies most clearly documented which of the following conclusions?
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The misleading questions can cause people to develop inaccurate memories of what they viewed.
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One significant problem with eyewitness testimony is that:
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people's memory sometimes fills in information that has been suggested to them, even though it did not happen.
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Research on implanted (false) memories suggest that:
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repeatedly suggesting that something "might have" occurred may implant or distort a memory.
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Individuals with amnesia typically have problems with __________ memories while __________
memories remain intact. |
declarative; procedural
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The patient H.M. suffered memory problems after damage to his:
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hippocampus.
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After damage to his hippocampus, patient H.M. lost most of his ability to:
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store new long-term memories.
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What is anterograde amnesia?
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inability to form new long-term memories
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What is retrograde amnesia?
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loss of memories that formed before a certain event
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After Wilbur fell off his motorcycle, he forgot just about everything that had happened during the last hour before his accident. What kind of memory loss is this?
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retrograde
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The neurological patient H.M. has suffered a severe form of which kind of amnesia?
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anterograde amnesia for declarative memories
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After the neurological patient H.M. suffered damage to his hippocampus, he experienced a severe loss
in his __________, but continued to be almost normal in his __________. |
memory for new facts...ability to learn new skills
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What have psychologists learned about memory from studies of the patient H.M.?
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It is possible to lose the ability to store new memories, without necessarily losing the ability to recall old memories.
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Damage to the prefrontal cortex produces amnesia that is similar in many ways to amnesia caused by
damage to the: |
hippocampus.
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Prolonged deficiency of vitamin B-1 leads to a condition that is characterized by severe memory problems. The name of that condition is
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Korsakoff's syndrome.
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Korsakoff's syndrome is most common in chronic _______________.
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chronic alcoholics.
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People with Korsakoff's syndrome suffer from:
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both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
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People with prefrontal cortex damage answer questions partly with wild guesses. These guesses, which
are mostly out-of-date information, are called __________. |
confabulations
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Studies of the neurological patient H.M. and similar patients lead to the conclusion that:
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people have several separate kinds of memories.
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A condition occurring mostly in old age that is characterized by increasingly severe memory loss,
as well as confusion, depression, and disordered thinking is known as: |
Alzheimer's disease.
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The vast majority of people who develop Alzheimer's disease have an onset that begins:
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after age 60.
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The cause of Alzheimer's disease:
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is the accumulation of harmful proteins in the brain and a deterioration of brain cells.
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Infant amnesia refers to:
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the near absence of early declarative memories.
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Infant amnesia is best described as a phenomenon that
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is clearly due to slow maturation of the hippocampus.
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The study of how people think, acquire knowledge, imagine, plan, and solve problems is called
__________ psychology. |
cognitive
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A cognitive psychologist wants to learn about how a person thinks when solving a problem.
What is the primary difficulty with simply asking people to describe their own thought process? |
Problem solving always involves thinking without words.
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When an object differs drastically from those around it in size, shape, color, or movement, we find
it by a __________, meaning that it stands out immediately. |
preattentive processes
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You look at a series of gauges. Most have their indicators pointing the same direction (to the right),
but one is pointing a different direction. You notice the odd one immediately, regardless of how many other gauges are present. This pattern indicates that you found the discrepant indicator by: |
preattentive processes
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What is the Stroop effect?
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The
tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of ink |
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The Stroop effect occurs because:
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people are so used to reading words that they cannot suppress the habit.
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People often fail to notice something that occurs slowly, or while they are blinking their eyes or
while moving their eyes. This phenomenon is called: |
the attentional blink.
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Movie directors discovered that they can film different parts of the same scene on different days,
and most viewers would not detect that the extras (background actors) had changed clothes or appearance. Psychologists call this failure to notice such differences: |
change blindness.
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The basic conclusion about attention from the research on change blindness is that:
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our attention seems to be automatically drawn to change.
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10. During the moment after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to accurately perceive a second
stimulus. This is called the |
attentional blink.
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Which of the following would probably be the best prototype of "bird"?
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robin
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What is a prototype?
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familiar or typical examples
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According to the concept of prototypes, how do we decide whether an item belongs to a particular category?
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We compare the item to the most typical members of the category.
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What is a concept?
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an idea/ stimuli
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The presentation of previous stimuli that facilitates one to think of a certain object or concept is called?
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priming
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A heuristic is:
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a way of simplifying a problem.
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A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called:
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an algorithm.
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In which situation would a heuristic be most useful?
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you have too many hypotheses to test
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The tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself, is known as the;
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representativeness heuristic
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You know there are only two librarians who live in your town of 10,000 people. However, when
you meet a quiet young woman who likes to read, you decide she is probably a librarian. In your thinking you are relying on: |
the representativeness heuristic.
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People who rely on the representativeness heuristic tend to overlook which kind of information?
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base-rate information
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The term "base-rate information" refers to information about
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what percentage of the available information supports a theory.
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The availability heuristic is based on the assumption that:
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if we are not sure whether we are looking at something from category A or category B, it is probably from the more common category.
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Some people believe Friday the 13th is unlucky because they can remember times when they had
bad experiences on that day but tend to forget times when nothing bad happened. Their reasoning is an example of illusory correlations. It is also an example of the use of: |
the availability heuristic
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People who rely on the representativeness heuristic tend to overlook which kind of information?
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base-rate information
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Critical thinking can best be defined as:
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the careful evaluation
of evidence for and against any conclusion. |
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The tendency to look for evidence supporting one particular hypothesis and not considering other possibilities is known as the:
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confirmation bias.
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The term "base-rate information" refers to information about
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what percentage of the available information supports a theory.
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Functional fixedness is a special case of the:
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confirmation bias.
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Not considering using an item (e.g. dime) in a non-traditional way (e.g. as a screwdriver) is an
example of: |
functional fixedness.
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The availability heuristic is based on the assumption that:
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if we are not sure whether we are looking at something from category A or category B, it is probably from the more common category.
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You are given a candle, a box of matches, a few thumbtacks, and a very short piece of string with the instruction to mount the candle on a wall. It never occurs to you that you could empty the matchbox
and tack it to the wall as a platform for the candle because of: |
functional fixedness.
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Some people believe Friday the 13th is unlucky because they can remember times when they had
bad experiences on that day but tend to forget times when nothing bad happened. Their reasoning is an example of illusory correlations. It is also an example of the use of: |
the availability heuristic
|
|
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Critical thinking can best be defined as:
|
the careful evaluation
of evidence for and against any conclusion. |
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In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, the key to becoming an expert is:
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about ten years of careful practice.
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The tendency to look for evidence supporting one particular hypothesis and not considering other possibilities is known as the:
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confirmation bias.
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Functional fixedness is a special case of the:
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confirmation bias.
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Not considering using an item (e.g. dime) in a non-traditional way (e.g. as a screwdriver) is an
example of: |
functional fixedness.
|
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You are given a candle, a box of matches, a few thumbtacks, and a very short piece of string with the instruction to mount the candle on a wall. It never occurs to you that you could empty the matchbox
and tack it to the wall as a platform for the candle because of: |
functional fixedness.
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In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, the key to becoming an expert is:
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about ten years of careful practice.
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Developing an expertise has been associated with physical changes in the brain, such as:
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expanding the axons and dendrites in brain areas relevant to a skill.
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In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, the key to becoming an expert is:
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about ten years of careful practice.
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Developing an expertise has been associated with physical changes in the brain, such as:
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expanding the axons and dendrites in brain areas relevant to a skill.
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Extended practice at a skill can improve:
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development in the brain areas specific to that skill.
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An expert chess player and a beginner both look at a picture of chess pieces arranged on a chessboard
as they might appear during a well-played game. Then both try to draw the picture from memory. Which one (if either) will probably do better, and why? |
The expert will remember better because of a greater ability to recognize familiar patterns on the board.
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The underlying logic of the language is called the:
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deep structure.
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The sequence of words as they are actually spoken or written is called the ____ of language.
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surface structure
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Transformational grammar is the set of rules we learn for:
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making and interpreting sentences.
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In the 1960s and 1970s Gardner and Gardner were able to teach a chimpanzee (named Washoe)
to communicate by: |
sign language.
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Psychologists working with chimpanzees have been __________ to teach them how to speak
and __________ to teach them how to use sign language. |
unable...able
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How do the language abilities of bonobos used in recent studies differ from those of the common chimpanzees used in earlier studies?
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The common chimps showed a better understanding of spoken language.
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The research on teaching language to bonobos suggests that language learning is probably most successful if:
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training begins at an early age and proceeds mostly by imitation.
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Some species (e.g., dolphins, whales) have brains that are physically larger than humans. It looks as if large brains and high intelligence:
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do not automatically produce language.
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42. It has been argued that children have a built-in mechanism for learning language that is called the
_________________. |
language acquisition
device |
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Language is easily learned by humans because the human brain:
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has areas that are specialized for language.
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Edgar suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result has a condition characterized by
inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammatical devices. This condition is known as __________aphasia. |
Broca's
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45. Edna suffers a stroke and is left with a condition characterized by difficulty recalling the names of
objects and impaired comprehension of language. This condition is known as __________ aphasia. |
wernicke's
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The rate at which children pass through the various stages of language development:
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is largely dependent on maturation and is about the same in cultures around the world.
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Infants around age 6 months babble. To what extent is their babbling influenced by what they hear?
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At first, what infants hear makes no difference; later they begin to copy the sounds they hear
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What is the typical age at which a baby says his or her first word?
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1 year
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At about what age do most children start saying two-word phrases such as "more page"?
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c. 2 years
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At what age do children begin to make creative, original sentences that they have not heard before?
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about as soon as they can say any sentences at all
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The common mistakes children make as they try to learn language indicate that the children:
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can say more words than they understand.
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It is clear that children as young as 2 or 3 years old are:
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able to apply grammatical rules they have never learned formally.
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Our best evidence for the importance of early development in human language learning is the fact
that: |
children typically have a large vocabulary by age 2.
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54. Each letter or short combination of letters in a language that forms a unit of sound is known as a
______________. |
phoneme
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Each unit of meaning in a word is called a _____________.
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morpheme
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Which of the following words has exactly one morpheme?
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dog
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