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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Associative Learning
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Learning that certain events occur together.
The events may be two stimuli Or a response and its consequences |
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Conditioning
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Process of learning associations
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Classical Conditioning
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Learn to associate and anticipate events
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Operant Conditioning
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We learn to associate a response and its consequences and repeat the acts that follow a good result.
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Observational Conditioning
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Learn behaviors by watching others
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Behaviorism
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Pavlov's theory that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
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Unconditioned Response
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Unlearned naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned Stimuli
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Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
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Acquisition
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Initial learning when one links a neutral stimulus to unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral starts triggering a conditioned response
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Extinction
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The diminished responding that occurs when the CS(tone) no longer signals an impending US(food)
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The reappearance of a weakened Conditioned Response after a pause
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Generalization
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Tendency, after conditioning, for a similar stimuli to elicit similar responses
Scared of cars = motorcycles and trucks |
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Discrimination
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Learned ability to distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal US.
Afraid of Pit Bull but not golden retriever. |
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Cognitive Process
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Thoughts, perceptions, expectations
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Expectancy
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Awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur
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Law of Effect
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Associate behavior with consequence
Edward Thorndike's law,The behavior of rats and pigeons placed in an operant chamber(skinner box) can be shaped by reinforcers to guide closer and closer approximations of desired behavior |
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Biological predispositions
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learning some associations is easier than learning others
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Pavlov
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Taught us that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning that applies to all species
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Positive reinforcement
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Adds something desirable to increase frequency of a behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
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Removes something undesirable to increase the frequency of a behavior
Take aspirin to relieve pain Fasten seatbelt to remove beeping Removes a aversive event |
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Two principles of operant conditioning
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1. Reinforce
2. Punish |
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Positive Reinforcers
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Innately satisfying - no learning required
Receiving food when hungry |
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Conditioned reinforcers
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are satisfying because we have learned to associate them with more basic reward
Cash |
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Immediate Reinforcers
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Unprotected Sex
Offer immediate payback |
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Delayed Reinforcers
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Weekly Paycheck
Require delay of gratification |
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Shaping
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Operant conditioning procedure
Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations Get rat to touch bar for food |
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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Free coffee after 10 purchases; Reinforces response after specific fixed number of responses
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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Slot Machines; Provides reinforcers after unpredictable number of responses
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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Reinforce the fixed response after fixed time period; Check mail near usual delivery time
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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Reinforces first response after varying time; "You've got mail" rewards persistent checking
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Want to do it
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Just do it
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Punishment
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Decrease frequency of a behavior by administrating an undesirable consequence.
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Shaping Behavior
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Achieved by stating our goals, monitoring the frequency of desired behaviors, reinforcing desired behaviors, and cutting back on incentives as behaviors become habitual.
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Prosocial
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Positive, constructive, and helpful
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Memory
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Learning that has persisted over time
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Encoding
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Getting information into our brain; processing of information into the memory system
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Storage
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Retaining the information; Retention of information over time
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Retrieval
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Getting information back out; Getting info out of memory storage
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Memory Formation (3 Stages)
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1. Sensory Memory
2. Short-term Memory 3. Long-term Memory |
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Who proposed the memory stage formation?
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Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
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What does the updated model of memory formation include?
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1. Working Memory
2. Automatic Learning, without conscious awareness |
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Working Memory
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Form of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved in the long-term.
Associates new and old information and solves problems |
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Automatic Processing
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Space, Time, Frequency, and Well-Learning information
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Sensory Memory
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Immediate brief recording of sensory information in memory system where we encode through rehearsal
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Short-term memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly such as seven digits of a phone number. Info can be stored or forgotten.
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Levels of processing
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1. Visual Encoding
2. Acoustic Encoding 3. Semantic Encoding |
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Visual Encoding
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Encoding of pictures and images
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Acoustic Encoding
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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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Semantic Encoding
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The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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Three Sins of Forgetting
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1. Absent-mindedness
2. Transience 3. Blocking |
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Transience
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Storage decay over time
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Blocking
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Inaccessibility of stored information
- Forgetting actors name but on tip of tongue |
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Three Sins of Distortion
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1. Misattribution
2. Suggestibility 3. Bias |
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Bias
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one's current feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events
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Misattribution
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Confusing the source of information
Take dreams for real event |
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Sin of Intrusion
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1. Persistence
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Persistence
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Unwanted memories
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Seven Sins of Memory
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1. Absent mindedness
2. Transience 3. Blocking 4. Misattribution 5. Suggestibility 6. Bias 7. Persistence |
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Proactive Interference
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Something learned in the past affects your ability to recall something recently leaned
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Retroactive Interference
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Something recently learned interferers with something learned in the past
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Source Amnesia is also known as
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Source Misattribution
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Context Influence
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- Being in the context of memories can trigger retrieval cues that lead us to target memory
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Similar Contexts
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Make trick us into retrieving a similar memory known as deja vu.
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Sensory Memory
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Briedly storing images via iconic memory, in which picture images last no more than a few tenths of second. We register sound and store sounds via echoic memory, which lasts 3 or 4 seconds.
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Why we forget?
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Proactice interference and retroactive interference.
May fade after storage to memory curve Retrieval failure Motivated forgetting Repression |
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Spacing Effect
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Retain more information as we practice it repeatedly then one long cram
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Effortful Processing
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Requires conscious attention and deliberate effort
Meaning, Imagery, and Organization |
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Connectionism
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Views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks
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Elizabeth Loftus
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Flashbacks are invented not relived
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Herman Ebbinhaus
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Retention Curve; Spacing Effect; Pioneer on verbal memory research
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Harry Bahrick
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Longer spacing between language lessons yielded better retention over 5 years
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George Miller
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Magical Number 7
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Bandura
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highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior
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Cognitive Behavior
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Promising rewards for something somebody already enjoys can backfire
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Two Cognitive Tendencies in Obstacles in Problem Solving
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1. Confirmation Bias
2. Fixation |
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Types of Fixation
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1. Mental Set
2. Functional Fixedness |
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Mental Set
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Predisposes how we think; tendency to approach a problem in a particular way; often because of past success
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Functional Fixedness
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Tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects without imagining alternative uses
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