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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structuralism
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The early school of psychology that used introspection to examine structural elements of the human mind
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Functionalism
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The early school of psychology that emphasized how behavior and mental processes enable the organism to adapt survive and flourish
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Behaviorism
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The view that psychology should focus only on the scientific study of observable behaviors without reference to mental processes
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Humanistic psychology
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The branch of psychologyy that emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people
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Cognitive neuroscience
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The study of how brain activity is linked with the thought processes such as memory and perception
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Psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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nature-nurture issue
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the controversy over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
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Natural selection
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the principle that those traits of a species that contribute to reproduction and surveil are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations
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Levels on analysis
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differing complementary views on behavior and mental processes analyzed by psychologists
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Biopsychosocial approach
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integrated perspective that focuses on biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis for a given behavior or mental process
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Basic research
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pure science that aims to increase psychologys scientic knowledge base rather than to solve practical problems
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applied research
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the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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counseling psychology
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the branch of psychology that helps people cope with challenges of everyday life
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clinical psychology
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the branch of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological disorders
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psychiatry
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the branch of medicine concerned with the physical diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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Hindsight bias
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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (i-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon)
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critical thinking
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careful reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
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hypothesis
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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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operational definition
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a precise statement of the procedures used to define research variables
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replication
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the process of repeating and experiment, often with different participants and in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other people and circumstances
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case study
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an observation technique in which one person is studied in great depth, often with the intention of revealing universal principals
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survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative, random sample of people
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population
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consists of all the members of a group being studied
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random sample
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one that is representative because every member of the population has an equal chance of being included
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naturalistic observation
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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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correlation
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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
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correlational coefficient
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a statistical measure of the relationship, it can be negative or positive (-1 to +1)
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scatterplot
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a depiction of the relationship between two variables by means of a graphed cluster of dots
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illusory correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
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experiment
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a research method in which a researcher directly manipulations one of more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)
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random assignment
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the procedure of assigning participants to the experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assignment to the different groups
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double blind procedure
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an experimental procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the research participants are aware of which group is receiving the treatment
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placebo effect
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this occurs when the results of an experiment are caused by expectations alone
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experimental group
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participants are exposed to the independent variable being studied
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control group
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participants are being withheld of the independent variable
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independent variable
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the factor being manipulated and tested by the investigator
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dependent variable
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the factor being measured by the investigator
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mode
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the most frequently occurring score in a distribution; simplest measure of central tendency to determine
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mean
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arithmetic average
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median
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measure of central tendency, the score that falls at the 50th percentile
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range
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a measure of variation computed as the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
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standard deviation
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computed measure of how much scores in a distribution deviate around the mean
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normal curve
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the symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution describing many types of psychological data, in which most scores fall near the mean with fewer and fewer at the extremes
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statistical significance
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an obtained result very likely reflects a real difference rather than sampling variation or chance factors. this can help researchers decide when they can justifiably generalize from an observed instance
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culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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