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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Transactional model of stress
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Lazarus and Folkman - focuses on psychological aspects of stress
• Primary appraisal: is the event a threat (stressor) or not? • Secondary appraisal (if stressor): do I have the skills to cope with this? --Coping skills perceived to be available: eustress -- Inability to cope perceived: distress |
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Types of coping in the transactional model of stress
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• Problem based: re-evaluating, managing, or changing causes - reducing effects of stressor or adapting to its impact
• Emotional based: reducing emotional response - defence mechanisms like denial, venting. |
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Strengths and limitations of the transactional model of stress
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Strengths
• Takes into account cognitive factors • Research with humans • Suggests ways of dealing with stress • Helps to understand individual differences in stress response Limitations • Subjective, not open to experimentation • Doesn't take into account pre-existing states of mind into account |
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Transactional model of stress
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Lazarus and Folkman - focuses on psychological aspects
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General adaptation syndrome (GAS) (what is it?)
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Selye's pattern of responding to stress, in humans and animals, that is the same regardless of stressor.
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Stages of GAS (quick summary)
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• Stage 1: Alarm - shock (low resistance), counter shock (high resistance resistance)
• Stage 2: Resistance- high resistance, cortisol, where infection is seen • Stage 3: Exhaustion - breakdown, physical and psychological illnesses |
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Stage 1 of GAS
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Alarm stage-
• shock - body's resistance low. Low blood pressure, body temp and muscle tone lost • counter shock - fight-flight response activated, resistance increases above normal. |
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Stage 2 of GAS
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Resistance stage-
• high level of resistance, but fight-flight response decreases. • Cortisol helps with wound healing and tissue repair, but lowers immune system • This leaves organism susceptible to infections - signs of illness may be seen |
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Stage 3 of GAS
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Exhaustion-
• Continued release of cortisol and the high-energy demands lead to breakdown • Physical/psychological illnesses may occur • Body can also go into exhaustion if another stressor is added |
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Strengths and limitations of the GAS
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Strengths
• Shows link between stress and illness • Reliable - based on observational and laboratory studies, seen in humans and animals Limitations • Use of animals - same thing not necessarily happening in humans • Ignores cognitive/psychological factors • Focuses on HPA axis - other things happening • Stress response not always identical |
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Transactional model of stress
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Lazarus and Folkman - focuses on psychological aspects of stress
• Primary appraisal: is this event a threat (stressor) or not? • Secondary appraisal (if stressor): do I have the skills to cope with this? -- Coping skills perceived to be available: eustress -- Inability to cope perceived: distress |
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Types of coping in the transactional model of stress
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• Problem focused: reducing effects of stressor or adapting to its impact; re-evaluating, managing or changing causes; when the person has resourced to address stressor, and tends to feel they have control
• Emotion focused: reducing the emotional response to the stressor; includes defence mechanisms like denial, venting etc.; tends to be when the person doesn't feel they have control |
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Strengths and limitations of the transactional model of stress
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Strengths
• Takes into account cognitive factors • Based on research with humans • Suggests ways of dealing with stress • Helps to understand individual differences in stress responses Limitations • Subjective, not open to experimentation • Doesn't take into account pre-existing states of mind • Model is linear, implies conscious processes - we are not aware of many stressors |