Psych Midterm3 Chap9

Front 1

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:

A. autocracy.
B. autonomy.
C. detachment.
D. morality.

Back 1

B. autonomy

Front 2

Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as wellas behavioral components.

A. independence; self-sufficiency
B. autonomy; independence
C. independence; autonomy
D. autonomy; self-sufficiency

Back 2

C. independence; autonomy

Front 3

Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is false?

A. Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion.
B. The growth of autonomy during adolescence is gradual and progressive.
C. The growth of autonomy during adolescence is relatively un-dramatic.
D. The development of adolescent autonomy is often misunderstood.

Back 3

A. Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion

Front 4

According to the textbook, many young people find it frustrating that:

A. they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically.

B. their parents expect them to be so autonomous and independent at such a young age.

C. they are economically independent, but still rely on parents for approval regarding religious and political issues.

D. they are working the same jobs as some adults, but have less freedom and more supervision than the adults.

Back 4

A. they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supportedeconomically

Front 5

Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem, and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developingwith Peter?

A. behavioral

B. emotional

C. cognitive

D. None of the above

Back 5

B. emotional

Front 6

Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that this is wrong, and decides not togive in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting?

A. behavioral

B. emotional

C. cognitive

D. None of the above

Back 6

C. cognitive

Front 7

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an adolescent's growing emotional autonomy?

A. Adolescents become more likely to believe that their life would have been better if they had their friends' parents.

B. Adolescents become less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents.

C. Adolescents become more likely to appreciate that their parents may act differently with their own friends than they do with their children.

D. When something goes wrong, adolescents become less likely to assume that their parents will "make everything better" and become more likely to rely on themselves to straighten things out.

Back 7

A. Adolescents become more likely to believe that their life would have been better if they had their friends' parents

Front 8

In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as:

A. detachment.

B. separation anxiety.

C. distinction.

D. individuation

Back 8

A. detachment

Front 9

Which statement regarding autonomy development would not fit with Anna Freud's theory?

A. The physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption in the family system.

B. Detachment in adolescence is a result of tensions between family members.

C. Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships.

D. Intrapsychic conflicts that have been repressed since early childhood are reawakened at early adolescence by theresurgence of sexual impulses

Back 9

C. Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships.

Front 10

Tyler's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has learned to accept responsibility for his actions. Tyler's parents are describing:

A. individuation.

B. crystallization.

C. specification.

D. psychosocial moratorium.

Back 10

A. individuation

Front 11

As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, theyincreasingly:

A. view lying to their parents as unacceptable.

B. improve their techniques for lying to parents without being detected.

C. view lying to their parents as desirable.

D. become worse liars

Back 11

A. view lying to their parents as unacceptable

Front 12

During late adolescence and the college years, students who live away from home report all but which of the following?

A. better communication with their parents

B. more strained family relationships

C. higher levels of satisfaction with their family relationship

D. more affection for parents

Back 12

B. more strained family relationships

Front 13

Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by _____ family relationships.

A. constraining

B. authoritarian

C. close

D. distant

Back 13

C. close

Front 14

Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

A. authoritarian

B. autocratic

C. authoritative

D. permissive

Back 14

C. authoritative

Front 15

Kristie believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kristie is probably from:

A. a permissive home.

B. an authoritarian home.

C. an authoritative home.

D. an autocratic home.

Back 15

B. an authoritarian home.

Front 16

Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficultycomplying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?

A. authoritarian

B. autocratic

C. authoritative

D. permissive

Back 16

D. permissive

Front 17

When researchers use brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain activation, what do they find?

A. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.

B. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are less activated during early and middleadolescence than adulthood.

C. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are sensitive to punishment are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.

D. Researchers find that regions of the brain that block the ability to perceive rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.

Back 17

A. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during earlyand middle adolescence than adulthood

Front 18

Before Shirley fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take.Shirley also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, thenenrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Shirley expressing?

A. cognitive autonomy

B. behavioral autonomy

C. emotional autonomy

D. psychosocial autonomy

Back 18

B. behavioral autonomy

Front 19

Between middle and late adolescence, individuals become:

A. more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with a decision.

B. more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices.

C. more likely to control their impulses.

D. All of the above are true

Back 19

D. All of the above are true.

Front 20

Many individuals have argued that older adolescents should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because:

A. the basic cognitive abilities that are most likely necessary to make these kinds of decisions are typically fully developed by the age of 16.

B. have more rights than younger adolescents.

C. are at an age where they could legally become emancipated.

D. are more sexually active than younger adolescents.

Back 20

A. the basic cognitive abilities that are most likely necessary to make these kinds of decisions are typically fully developed bythe age of 16

Front 21

Researchers who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults in criminal court typically base their arguments on findings that:

A. the legal age of majority is 18.

B. mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocialfactors, which are still developing in young adulthood.

C. no juvenile can think as maturely as an adult.

D. there is consensus that juveniles do not have sufficiently good decision-making skills to understand right from wrong.

Back 21

B. mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocialfactors, which are still developing in young adulthood

Front 22

Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to sidewith his friends and against his parents?

A. on how to wear his hair

B. on the issue of capital punishment

C. on the choice of religious preference

D. on the value of a college education

Back 22

A. on how to wear his hair

Front 23

Consistent with the immigrant paradox discussed in another chapter of the textbook, which of the following statements is true?

A. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturatedpeers.

B. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latino adolescents who were born abroad than Latino adolescents born inthe United States.

C. Research shows that more acculturated adolescents engage in lower rates of delinquency.

D. Susceptibility to peer pressure is lower among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturatedpeers

Back 23

A. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturatedpeers

Front 24

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:

A. work.

B. education.

C. personal taste.

D. admired personal qualities.

Back 24

C. personal taste

Front 25

Which statement about conformity to peers is most true?

A. Conformity is higher during later adolescence.

B. Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial.

C. Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in questionis antisocial.

D. Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.

Back 25

C. Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in questionis antisocial.

Front 26

During childhood, boys and girls are:

A. highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers.

B. less oriented toward their parents and far more oriented toward their peers.

C. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their teachers.

D. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their parents.

Back 26

A. highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers

Front 27

As children approach adolescence, children become somewhat _____ oriented toward their parents; and _____ orientedtoward their peers, and peer pressure begins to _____.

A. more; less; subside

B. less; more; escalate

C. more; more; decline

D. less; less; decrease

Back 27

B. less; more; escalate

Front 28

When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than olderadolescents to say:

A. the person should remain silent.

B. the person should give the police misleading information.

C. the person should confess.

D. the person should blame someone else

Back 28

C. the person should confess.

Front 29

Feldman and her colleagues have found evidence for consistent variations in autonomy expectations as a function of:

A. gender.

B. birth order.

C. ethnicity.

D. All of the above

Back 29

C. ethnicity

Front 30

All of the following are characteristics of the development of cognitive autonomy, except:

A. increasingly abstract ways to think about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues.

B. increasing emotional distance from parents.

C. beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis.

D. beliefs that are increasingly founded in the individual's own values

Back 30

B. increasing emotional distance from parents

Front 31

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:

A. principled.

B. conventional.

C. postconventional.

D. preconventional.

Back 31

D. preconventional

Front 32

According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relativeand subject be at?

A. preconventional

B. postconventional

C. current conventional

D. This description does not match one of Kohlberg's levels

Back 32

B. postconventional

Front 33

According to Kohlberg's theory, the most important thing is:

A. whether an individual, for example, believes that Heinz should have stolen the drug.

B. how long the individual took to respond to the moral dilemma.

C. the reasoning behind an individual's response.

D. an individual's choice of words in his or her response.

Back 33

C. the reasoning behind an individual's response

Front 34

Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels?

A. principled

B. conventional

C. postconventional

D. preconventional

Back 34

B. conventional

Front 35

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true?

A. In tests measuring moral reasoning, assessments are made in a social vacuum, but such vacuums don't exist in the realworld.

B. Moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand.

C. Situational factors influence moral choices.

D. All of the above are true.

Back 35

B. Moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand.

Front 36

Which of the following individuals is not especially likely to be engaged in volunteerism?

A. Ashley, whose parents actively volunteer in the community

B. Joshua, who is a male adolescent

C. Nancy, who is actively involved in neighborhood church

D. Carolyn, who scores high on measures of extroversion

Back 36

B. Joshua, who is a male adolescent

Front 37

Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature?

A. increased abstraction

B. increased authoritarianism

C. movement away from obedience

D. greater use of principles

Back 37

B. increased authoritarianism

Front 38

According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the followingtrends in regard to adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true?

A. Since 1990, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of young people who report participating in communityservice activities.

B. Since 1990, there has been a decrease in the proportion of young people who report participating in conventional civicactivities (example: voting, contracting elected officials).

C. Since 1990, the proportion of young people who engage in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations)has fluctuated.

D. All of the above are true.

Back 38

A. Since 1990, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of young people who report participating in communityservice activities.

Front 39

Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that:

A. adolescents believe that attending church exhibits a person's religious commitment.

B. children are more strict observers of religious customs.

C. college students are more religiously oriented than children.

D. religion is more important to older adolescents than to children.

Back 39

B. children are more strict observers of religious customs

Front 40

When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?

A. during junior high

B. during middle school

C. during high school

D. during the early years of college

Back 40

D. during the early years of college

Front 41

There are two components of religious development: (1) _____, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2)_____, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the mean of life.

A. spirituality; religiosity

B. religiosity; spirituality

C. religion practices; religion search

D. religion behaviors; religion quest

Back 41

B. religiosity; spirituality

Front 42

Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's closerelationships?

A. behavioral autonomy

B. psychosocial autonomy

C. emotional autonomy

D. cognitive autonomy

Back 42

C. emotional autonomy

Front 43

Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is false?

A. This aspect of emotional autonomy may not develop until early adulthood.

B. This aspect of emotional autonomy develops later in adolescents' relations with their mothers than with their fathers.

C. During high school, adolescents have difficulty seeing their parents as individuals beyond their role as parents.

D. Fifteen-year-olds are not much better than 10-year-olds at seeing their parents as people.

Back 43

B. This aspect of emotional autonomy develops later in adolescents' relations with their mothers than with their fathers

Front 44

According to the results from the Steinberg and colleagues' study, who would be most likely to settle for $750 tomorrow thanreceive $1,000 a year from now?

A. 10- to 11-year-olds

B. 14- to 15-year-olds

C. 16- to 17-year-olds

D. 22- to 25-year-olds

Back 44

A. 10- to 11-year-olds

Front 45

According to one experiment, when confronted with false evidence:

A. is most often seen in the antisocial behavior of girls during early and middle adolescence.

B. is higher among less acculturated Latino adolescents than among their more acculturated peers.

C. significantly more young adolescents (12-16) than young adults will give a false confession.

D. occurs early in adolescence because pressure by the peer group is strong enough to make even the most autonomous adolescent comply.

Back 45

C. significantly more young adolescents (12-16) than young adults will give a false confession

Front 46

Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy?

A. establishing more adult-like relationships with family members

B. relying less on your parents for emotional support

C. refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room

D. seeking the advice of others when faced with a serious question

Back 46

C. refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room

Front 47

A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level ofmoral development?

A. principled

B. conventional

C. postconventional

D. preconventional

Back 47

B. conventional

Front 48

During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on:

A. their own system of personal religious beliefs.

B. the teachings of their parents.

C. the beliefs of their peers.

D. this question is difficult to answer because adolescents are private about their religious beliefs.

Back 48

A. their own system of personal religious beliefs