Psych Midterm 3

Front 1

List Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory

Back 1

ERRORS OF OMISSION: transience, absent mindedness, blocking

ERRORS OF COMISSION: misattribution, bias, persistence, suggestibility

Front 2

DRAW A PICTURE OF BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL

Back 2

Front 3

What is the effect of emotional experience on memory

Back 3

•Emotional memories are easier to recall than are factual ones

•Emotions help encode and retrieve memories

Front 4

CREB is a(n) ________________ that switches on genes responsible for the developmentof new synapses

Back 4

Protein

Front 5

Define “RELEASE FROM PI”

Back 5

when going through a series of lists a change in the topic of the lists will produce a rebound (improvement) in memory performance because remembering and recalling the items on the new list will not be interfered with by the items from the prior lists(the “old information”).

Front 6

What brain structure was damaged to produce the memory deficit shown by HM?

Back 6

Hippocampus?

Front 7

Describe (using appropriate technical terms) the process of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Back 7

A form of associated learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response. an example would be pavlovs dogs

Front 8

Describe a situation that involves NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT. Define the terms involved.

Back 8

when a child talks back to their parents they get their phone taken away, in return they don't talk back

Front 9

Define INSTINCTIVE DRIFT

Back 9

Learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies

Front 10

T or F: Hippocampal-based memory consolidation can takehours, days, or sometimes weeks

Back 10

True

Front 11

T or F: Emotionally-laden memories are easier to recall than non-emotional memories

Back 11

True

Front 12

T or F: Mnemonics work by providing memory cues, often associating to-be-learned knowledge with existing semantic structures in memory.

Back 12

True

Front 13

Tor F: There is a self-reference effect that leads to increasedmemory

Back 13

True

Front 14

BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: central executive

Back 14

-Supervisory control

-Coordinates storage areas

Front 15

BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

Back 15

-Transient storage (visual/spatial) rep.

-Rehearsal/generation of images

Front 16

BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Phonological Loop

Back 16

-Transient storage (verbal) rep.

-Rehearsal for “inner speech”

Front 17

BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Episodic Buffer

Back 17

Transient storage of integrated events

Front 18

BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Long-Term Memory

Back 18

-Permanent store of integrated events

-Permanent store of visual and verbal semantic knowledge

Front 19

Three Types of Memory

Back 19

•Sensory Register

•Short-Term/Working

•Long-Term

Front 20

Sensory Memory

Back 20

Holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about a half a second or less

Front 21

Iconic Memory

Back 21

The iconic store in vision is a discrete visual sensory register that holds more information than can be transferred to STM before the information decays.

Front 22

Short-Term or working memory

Back 22

working memory holds content that you are generally conscious of and can work with.

Front 23

Long-term Memory (LTM)

Back 23

LTM is the relatively permanent memory store in which you hold information even when you are no longer attending to it

Front 24

Stages of long term memory

Back 24

encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

Front 25

Amnesia

Back 25

The abnormal loss of material from LTM or the failure to transfer it from STM to LTM.

Front 26

Difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Back 26

retrograde is memory loss before a traumatic event and anterograde is after

Front 27

where is long term memory stored in the brain

Back 27

Vision → Occipital lobes

Hearing → Temporal lobes

Touch → Parietal lobes

Front 28

Hebb’s Law

Back 28

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

•Strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron

Front 29

Operant Conditioning

Back 29

Law of effect

•Consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 30

Pavlovian Conditioning

Back 30

involves just pairing stimuli (or reinforcement/ punishing event)

Front 31

Continuous reinforcement

Back 31

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Front 32

Intermittent reinforcement

Back 32

Reinforcement of a behavior – but not after every response

Front 33

Fixed ratio (FR)

Back 33

Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses

Front 34

Variable ratio (VR)

Back 34

Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes

Front 35

Fixed interval (FI)

Back 35

Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed

Front 36

Variable interval (VI)

Back 36

Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed

Front 37

Social Learning Theory

Back 37

Kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others

Front 38

what is language

Back 38

Open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas

Front 39

what is the learning-theory approach

Back 39

that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning (includes imitation / modeling )

Front 40

what is Wernicke’s area associated with?

Back 40

speech comprehension. Damage to this cortical region leaves patients unable to understand written or spoken speech

Front 41

what is Broca’s area associated with?

Back 41

production of speech. Damage to this area leaves patients with the ability to comprehend speech, but not to express themselves in words or sentences.

Front 42

three things Bilingualism is positive for?

Back 42

•Bilingualism enhances cognitive processing •Bilingualism enhances metacognition

•Bilinguals have a lower rate of dementia in theelderly

Front 43

what is Critical Thinking

Back 43

is the ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems

Front 44

what is he Semantic Network

Back 44

A complex web ofsemantic associations that link items in memory such that retrieving one item triggers the retrieval of others as well

Front 45

what is Representative heuristic

Back 45

Estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event

Front 46

what is Availability heuristic

Back 46

Make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness

Front 47

Suppose you met a person that could remember things well before she had surgery but who was no incapable of forming new long term memories. what part of their brain was most likely affected by the surgery?

Back 47

hippocampus

Front 48

the brief traces of a touch or a smell left by the firing of neurons in the brain are examples of

Back 48

sensory memory

Front 49

how kind of memory do we use to keep someones phone number in mind right after we've learned it?

Back 49

working memory

Front 50

what type of memory allows us to perform skills, such as tying our shoes, automatically after we've mastered them?

Back 50

procedural memory

Front 51

for sensory input to make the transition from sensory memory to short term memory to long term memory, it must go through which of the four stages?

Back 51

encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

Front 52

when we actively try to recall information, especially words, from long term memory, we use the

Back 52

prefrontal cortex

Front 53

rehearsal makes memories stick. sod does...

Back 53

emotion

Front 54

neurons that _____ together, _____ together

Back 54

fire, wire

Front 55

one sea slug had frequent and closely-spaced-in-time puffs of air administrated to it. another had frequent puffs but they were not closely spaced. yet another slug had one puff administered to it. Which one is mostly likely to remember this aversive event?

Back 55

the one with the frequent and closely spaces air puffs

Front 56

For which of the following is there at least some scientific evidence that it can enhance memory?

Back 56

caffeine, ginkgo biloba, and drugs that enhance CREB

Front 57

Sofia is fluent in Spanish and is now trying to learn French. Much of it comes easy to her, yet she keeps forgetting some french words that aren't event relevant to Spanish. this kind of forgetting is?

Back 57

proactive interference

Front 58

The fast that changing the wording of a question impacts people recall of events illustrates which kind of forgetting?

Back 58

suggestibility

Front 59

Gwendolyn is 29 years old and is now convinced that she was abused as a child. from the time she was 9 until she was 28, however, she had no recollection of this abuse. what would this be called?

Back 59

recovered memory

Front 60

John was in a car accident. its now been a month since, and he can't remember the following 2 days after the accident... this is called?

Back 60

anterograde amnesia

Front 61

What is the best example of learning?

Back 61

Ten year old jerry can snow board down the mountain after practice for a week

Front 62

Linda always uses a can opener to open her cats food, her cats Bell and scooter run to the kitchen overtime linda opens the drawer that the can opener is in... what is this called?

Back 62

the cats made an association between the drawer and being fed

Front 63

a rat presses a lever which results in food coming out, the rat then presses the lever more frequently... this is an example of

Back 63

reinforcement

Front 64

in a typical classical conditioning experiment, a neutral stimulus is

Back 64

repeatedly paired with the UCS

Front 65

a reinforcer is anything that _____; a punisher is anything that _____

Back 65

makes behavior more likely, makes behavior less likely

Front 66

With a slot machine you could win on the first try or it could take you many times to win; causing someone to spend a lot of money... this payout schedule is what kind of schedule of reinforcement?

Back 66

variable ratio

Front 67

Barbara just started a new job and she watches how her colleagues dress and act. this type of learning is?

Back 67

observational learning

Front 68

the major findings from Banduras bobo doll experiment were...

Back 68

children learn to be aggressive by watching other be aggressive, and also the same sex being aggressive

Front 69

research generally shows that children

Back 69

are likely to be aggressive after watch aggressive actions on tv or in movies

Front 70

Because Konrad Lorenz was the first nd only animal baby geese knew for the first few weeks of their lives, they thought lorenz what their "mother" what is this association known as?

Back 70

imprinting

Front 71

what biological structures or systems best explain why we cry along with characters in a sad movie?

Back 71

mirror neurons

Front 72

research on learning and the brain has shown that rats raised in impoverished environments....

Back 72

learn more slowly and have fewer neurons and synaptic connections as rats raised in enriched environments

Front 73

a languages rules for arranging words and symbols in a sentence or parts of a sentence is called

Back 73

syntax

Front 74

during which stage of language development do babies make many more sounds then they hear in their native language?

Back 74

babbling

Front 75

according to skinner, children learn to speak a particular language because...

Back 75

they get reinforcement from their parents for various utterances

Front 76

which theory of language argues that, if their are no words for certain objects or concepts in ones language, one is unable to think about those objects or concepts?

Back 76

linguistic determination hypothesis

Front 77

structures in the mind- such as an idea or image- that stand for something else, such as an external object or thing, are known as

Back 77

mental representations

Front 78

which of the following would be considered a prototype for fruit

Back 78

apple

Front 79

when we reason from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions, we are engaging in...

Back 79

deductive reasoning

Front 80

what distinguishes scientific thinking form non scientific thinking

Back 80

ability to separate belief from evidence

Front 81

____ are mental shortcuts for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements

Back 81

heuristic

Front 82

which of the following make people believe they are more likely to die in a plane crash than a car crash

Back 82

the availability heuristic