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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
phonology
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the sound system of a language; how words sound and are produced
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semantics
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the meanings of words and word combinations
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syntax
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rules used to put words together into sentences
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pragmatics
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conventions and strategies used in effective and socially acceptable verbal interactions
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native language
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the first language a child learns
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nativism
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theoretical perspective proposing that some knowledge is biologically built-in and present at birth or soon thereafter
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language acquisition device
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biologically built-in mechanism hypothesized to facilitate language learning
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functionalism
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theoretical perspective of language development that emphasizes the purposes language serves for human beings
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receptive language
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ability to understand the language one hears or reads
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expressive language
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ability to communicate effectively through speaking and writing
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infant-directed speech
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short, simple, high-pitched speech often used when talking to young children
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lexical word
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word that some way represents an aspect of one's physical, social or psychological world
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grammatical word
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nonlexical word that affects the meanings of other words or the interrelationships among words in a sentence
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undergeneralization
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overly restricted meaning for a word, excluding some situations to which the word applies
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overgeneralization
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too broad a meaning for a word, such that it is used in situations to which it doesn't apply
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fast mapping
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inferring a word's general meaning after a single exposure
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defining feature
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characteristic that must be present in all instances of a concept
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correlational feature
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characteristic present in many instances of a concept but not essential for concept membership
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holophrase
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a single word used to express a complete thought; completely observed in children's earliest speech
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telegraphic speech
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short, grammatically incomplete sentences that include lexical (rather than grammatical) words almost exclusively; common in toddlers
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overregularization
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use of a syntactic rule in situations where an exception to the rule applies
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semantic bootstrapping
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using knowledge of word meanings to derive knowledge about syntactic categories and structures
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expansion
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repetition of a child's short utterances in a more complete and grammatically correct form
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phonomes
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smallest units of a spoken language that signify differences in meaning
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figurative speech
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speech that communicates meaning beyond a literal interpretation of its words
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cooing
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making and repeating vowel sounds; common in early infancy
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babbling
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repeating certain consonant-vowel syllables over and over; common in the latter half of the first year
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narrative
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verbal account of a temporal sequence of events that are logically interconnected; a story
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playing the dozens
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friendly, playful exchange of insults, common in some African American communities; also called joaning or sounding
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sociolinguistic behaviors
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social and culturally specific conventions that govern appropriate verbal interaction
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personal space
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personally and culturally preferred distance between 2 people during social interaction
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IRE cycle
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adult-child interaction pattern marked by adult initiation, child response and adult evaluation; in Western cultures such a pattern is often seen in instructional settings
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wait time
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the length of time a teacher pauses, after either asking a question or hearing a student's comment, before saying something
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culture shock
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sense of confusion that occurs when one encounters an environment with expectations for behavior very different from those in one's home environment
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metalinguistic awareness
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extent to which one consciously understands and thinks about the nature of language
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bilingualism
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knowing and speaking 2 languages fluently
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immersion
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approach to second-language instruction in which students hear and speak that language almost exclusively in the classroom
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bilingual education
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approach to second-language instruction in which students are instructed in academic subject areas in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write in the second language
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standard english
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form of english generally considered acceptable in school (as reflected in textbooks, grammar instruction, etc) and in the media
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dialect
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form of a language characteristic of a particular geographic region or ethnic group
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african american english
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dialect of some african american communities that includes pronunciations, grammatical constructions and idioms different from those of standard english
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speech and communication disorders
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disability characterized by abnormalities in producing or understanding spoken language, to the point where special educational services are required
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